the mitochondria in mammalian sperm are usually destroyed by the egg cell after fertilization. 40% of the Neanderthal Genome still exists alive today in present people. Almost all EARLY humans leaving Africa have Neanderthal dna. Two different Denisovan populations contributed to Asian modern humans.
It seems plausible that this is the same event that led to the mitochondrial genome replacement, which would indicate that the human fragments in the Neanderthal genome came from an ancient group of humans that had split off from our African lineage by about 430,000 years. Combined with Chen and colleagues’ finding that there was possibly ancient human-Neanderthal interbreeding 100,000-150,000 years ago, this suggests the possibility of multiple Out-of-Africa forays into Europe.
Belmaker points to a skull belonging to an ancestor of H. erectus from the 1.77 million-year-old Dmanisi site in Georgia for support. Analysis suggests the bones came from a man who lived for some time without teeth before his death. Though more than one scenario is possible, Belmaker argues this hominin likely survived because others cared for him, assisting with the hard work of gathering, hunting, and preparing raw meat and root vegetables—which would have to be mashed down for a man who could not chew.
https://www.sapiens.org/archaeology/ubeidiya-homo-erectus/
The first wave reached the Republic of Georgia in the Caucasus approximately 1.8 million years ago. The second is documented in ‘Ubeidiya, in the Jordan Valley south of the Sea of Galilee, about 1.5 million years ago.
https://utulsa.edu/news/prehistoric-humans-belmaker/
After this new study, we conclude that different human species produced the two industries,” said Barzilai.
According to Belmaker, “one of the main questions regarding the human dispersal from Africa were the ecological conditions that may have facilitated the dispersal. Previous theories debated whether early humans preferred an African savanna or new, more humid woodland habitat. Our new finding of different human species in Dmanisi and ‘Ubeidiya is consistent with our finding that climates also differed between the two sites. ‘Ubeidiya is more humid and compatible with a Mediterranean climate, while Dmanisi is drier with savannah habitat. This study showing two species, each producing a different stone tool culture, is supported by the fact that each population preferred a different environment.”
This ancient human is similar in size to other large hominins found in East Africa and is different from the short-statured hominins that lived in Georgia.”
“In bipeds, these vertebrae have a unique structure,” Been explains. “The anterior part is tall and posterior part short” (because in bipeds, the lower back is load-bearing). “In this one, the anterior part was tall and the posterior part was short, which we don’t see in monkeys or apes, which are not bipedal.”
We now realize there were multiple types of hominins, some living contemporaneously with one another and, as of 2 million years ago at least, roaming out of Africa.
The oldest hominin fossils found to date outside Africa are just over 1.8 million years old, in Dmanisi; and now we have this individual from 1.5 million years ago in Israel.
We cannot say that habilis begat erectus which begat hominin races in Europe such as the Neanderthal. We have absolutely no idea which if any of these species were our ancestors.
But we can say that because Ubeidiya is 1.5 million years old and the tools are Acheulean, the person there was from a separate migration wave than the ones who wound up in the Caucasus.
One wonders why everybody and his dog assumes the Dmanisi specimens were erectus and are not commonly identified as habilis.
“Erectus used to be the waste basket – everything from 1.5 million years onward was called erectus,” Barash sniffs. Nowadays, the fashion is to split them: Homo ergaster, Homo antecessor, and so on. The rub is that actual evidence is beyond scarce. There are perhaps one or two samples of each, which is hardly enough to base speciation on; and may we note the vast variation that can exist within a species. (Pygmy versus Norwegian – need we say more?)
But Barash is sure that Ubeidiya Person is an erectus type.
Human-Dog(wolf) collaboration drove neanderthals extinct?
Drawing on insights from the field of invasion biology, Pat Shipman traces the devastating impact of a growing human population: reduction of Neanderthals' geographic range, isolation into small groups, and loss of genetic diversity. But modern humans were not the only invaders who competed with Neanderthals for big game. Shipman reveals fascinating confirmation of humans' partnership with the first domesticated wolf-dogs soon after Neanderthals first began to disappear. This alliance between two predator species, she hypothesizes, made possible an unprecedented degree of success in hunting large Ice Age mammals-a distinct and ultimately decisive advantage for humans over Neanderthals at a time when climate change made both groups vulnerable. — ABOUT THE AUTHOR Pat Shipman is an anthropologist and a retired adjunct professor of anthropology at Pennsylvania State University. She is the author of several books, including The Animal Connection, The Man Who Found the Missing Link, and Taking Wing, which won the Phi Beta Kappa Award in Science and was a finalist for the Los Angeles Times Book Prize.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6xfeuiiGnpQ
Pat Shipman argues dogs are the key factor that gave modern humans the hunting edge over other hominin cousins (neanderthals and denoisovans and archaic homo erectus)....
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