Schizophrenia Bulletin vol. 41 no. 2 pp. 391–399, 2015
doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu098
Advance Access publication July 16, 2014© The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Maryland Psychiatric Research Center.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/),
which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
How Cannabis Causes Paranoia: Using the Intravenous Administration of
∆9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) to Identify Key Cognitive Mechanisms
Leading to Paranoia
In four cross-sectional studies from the general population, the odds of displaying paranoid symptoms in cannabinoid users was higher than in non-users (OR: 1.75, 95 % CI, 1.43–2.07, PPI: 99 %), with effects increasing with the percentage of males in the sample. The pooled effect was not significant in studies recruiting patients with psychiatric disorders. Results of three prospective studies also suggest that cannabis is associated with the subsequent onset of paranoid symptoms.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0149763425002702
the diagnosis of ‘cannabis psychosis' as a distinct clinical entity.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0091305796004261
Towards a Cannabinoid Hypothesis of Schizophrenia: Cognitive Impairments Due to Dysregulation of the Endogenous Cannabinoid System
significant causal associations between CUD and an increased risk of emotionally unstable PD (EUPD; ORIVW = 1.228, 95% CI 1.069–1.411), overall PD (ORIVW = 1.186, 95% CI 1.065–1.321), and schizoid PD (SPD; ORIVW = 1.644, 95% CI 1.131–2.39
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1411587/full
https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4755&context=honors_theses
https://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3614&context=etd
More importantly, heritability estimates should be discarded. Their only practical purpose is to predict the results of a selective breeding program under controlled conditions. For any other purpose, heritability estimates are misleading and meaningless. A condition may ot may not be influenced by genetic factors, but “heritability” does not exist.