Such early origination of anthropophily must necessarily have been in response to the arrival of early hominins (Homo erectus) rather than anatomically modern humans, likely associated with loss and fragmentation of rainforests during the early Pleistocene. The early origination of anthropophily also provides independent non-archaeological evidence supporting the limited fossil record of early hominin colonization in Southeast Asia around 1.8 Mya.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-35456-y
The green vertical shading represents the time interval proposed for the arrival of early hominins in Southeast Asia based on fossil data between 1.333 and 1.8 million years ago34.
Mosquitoes employ multiple senses to track their hosts, but evolutionary changes in olfactory genes, particularly those involving the fine tuning of olfactory receptors through modification of their expression and specificity, are crucial for developing a preference for human body odor73. Large numbers of odorants and olfactory genes are involved in host specificity and genomic studies in Ae. aegypti74, An. farauti75, Culex pipiens76 and An. gambiae77 reveal that multiple genetic changes at these and other genes are required for the evolution of anthropophily, i.e. a strong, evolved preference for human blood....
Dating of the evolution of anthropophily in the Leucosphyrus Group to 2.9–1.6 mya overlaps with the earliest proposed date for the arrival of early hominins (Homo erectus) into Sundaland at 1.8 Mya34, but not with the more recent proposed date of 1.3 Mya33. Our findings suggest that anthropophily in the Leucosphyrus Group emerged in Sundaland in the early Pleistocene in response to the arrival of early hominins who must have not only been present in this region by this time but must have been in substantial numbers to drive adaptation to human host preference.
