A plug of organic ginger powder on my molars - between the mouth and gum line Ferric Sulfide - proven to kill actinomyces bacteria!

 

  Yes, certain actinomycetes (like Thermoactinomyces vulgaris) not only survive extreme hot temperatures but are specifically heat-loving (thermophiles) that thrive at 50°C to 65°C and can tolerate dry heat over 100°C for hours.

Compost Tea: Thermoactinomyces vulgaris is a heat-loving (thermophilic) bacterium that thrives in the high temperatures of active compost. If you are brewing aerated "compost tea" for gardening—especially using manure or high-nitrogen materials—these naturally occurring bacteria may be present. [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

Contamination Risks: In agricultural production and tea processing, environmental factors and poor storage can introduce heat-loving microbes. The spores of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris are known to be allergenic and can cause respiratory issues (such as "Farmer's Lung") if inhaled in agricultural environments or from moldy material

 A. israelii is famous for causing actinomycosis (an infection often characterized by facial abscesses and "sulfur granules"). However, this infection is caused by bacteria already inside the human body breaching the mucosal barrier

Actinomycetes are beneficial, filamentous bacteria naturally found in soil, compost, and the tea plant's (Camellia sinensis) microbiome. Wow I wonder if I got it from tea?!! Endophytic Actinomycetes from Tea Plants (Camellia sinensis) National Institutes of Health (NIH) | (.gov) https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › articles › PMC6241348 by W Shan · 2018 · Cited by 134 — Endophytic actinomycetes from tea plants represent a valuable source of bioactive metabolites with antibacterial, antifungal, and plant-growth-promoting .. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6241348/ cultivated actinomycetes residing in tea plants ...A more recent study isolated 16 and 28 endophytic actinobacteria, respectively, from two tea cultivars Zijuan and Yunkang-10 and showed that some demonstrated antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities in vitro [32].

Actinomyces naturally colonizes the teeth and gums. While they are usually harmless commensal organisms, a diet high in sugar causes them to rapidly multiply and increases their acid production, which can contribute to dental plaque formation, root decay, and localized infections. 

https://microbiologyjournal.org/the-effect-of-red-ginger-essential-oil-on-adherence-of-streptococcus-mutans/

I use a ton of essential oils but I did not target their use on my teeth and gums. So now I am plugging the ginger powder between the gums and teeth and cheeks - and I can enjoy the burning cleaning sensation as the ginger powder kills off the actinomyces bacteria biofilm. Pronounced:

 ak-tin-oh-MY-seez.... actinomycetes are living, soil-dwelling bacteria that thrive in compost and organic-rich environments

I have self-diagnosed (see below) that since I was drinking a jug of tea a day and had dry mouth - I had a very acidic mouth that was perfect for this bacteria to thrive!! Wow. 

https://rmsjournal.org/ArticlesView.aspx?ArticleId=630 

Actinomycosis is considered as “the most misdiagnosed disease” even by experienced clinicians and is listed as a “rare disease” by the Office of Rare Disease (ORD) of the National Institute of Health (NIH)....In our lot we noticed three recurrences that required reintervention in patients who had
had short-term antibiotics due to non-compliance with treatment out of four such cases....The disease was determined after identifying colonies of Actinomyces israelii on pathol-
ogy (Figure 5) or bacterial culture from surgically drained pus (15 cases). The histopathology
discovered a granulomatous inflammation located in the intestinal wall, in the omentum,
and of the parietal peritoneum with confluent serosa and mesentery abscesses....The mean duration of
treatment was 6.5 months ± 4.6 months ranging from 3 weeks to 12 months, with regard to
the clinical and laboratory symptoms. 

https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/12/3/447 

Wow - I just self-diagnosed this. hahahaha.

 It usually requires 6 weeks or longer for an actinomycotic swelling to break down and discharge pus.

No pus - so must be pretty recent...Simply because I didn't pull my cheeks back to visually inspect my molar side that I chew on - although I did on the other side of my face - the right side molars - the left side molar needs a lot of work. So I definitely would have done this before if I had known about it.

https://www.tooth-life.com/black-line-on-teeth.php 

Luckily I will get the cavity filled - and they are on both sides of the mouth - so I have ginger on both sides. The x-ray proved they are cavities but these are just "surface root caries" (see below)

I have not been to the dentist in eight years but I have been eating refined sugar just in the past few years and then drinking a lot of tea so I had dry mouth a lot. Again I use tons of essential oils all the time so I could not believe the black was from the cavity itself - sure enough the black is from the actinomyces bacteria! It is Ferric Sulfide!!

The most common species involved is Actinomyces. These bacteria interact with the iron in saliva and release compounds that stick to the teeth, creating the typical black discoloration.

This results from the hydrogen sulfide they produce, which reacts with iron in saliva to form black compounds called ferric sulfide.

Strangely I did not feel any pain or get any blood from flossing - so I was really shocked to see black along one molar - the gum is black and the lower tooth on the outside. I thought I had stained my gums from black pepper since I eat a ton of black pepper. I think this is part of the black color but the x-ray proved this is not true - that it is actually a cavity.

I don't see any actual cavity or hole - meaning the cavity could still be just a general weakening of the enamel - since I don't feel any pain. But I definitely feel the ginger taking effect with a nice mellow burning sensation.

I will order more ginger powder. Again I use a TON of ginger powder but I was not using it in a targeted manner and so these teeth spots slipped me by. 

I just got a dental cleaning just half a week ago - so I'm surprised it would be all black just from plaque. I think it is a combination of the black pepper and the streps mutans.

 Black (Cavities/Staining): Teeth turn black only when the decay process is highly advanced (the cavity has deepened),

Yeah like I said - I don't see or feel any hole in the tooth... very strange.

 

Chromogenic Bacteria: Specific bacteria (Actinomyces or Prevotella species) can produce hydrogen sulfide that interacts with trace iron in your saliva to create an insoluble, dark-pigmented layer.
Diet & Lifestyle: Heavy consumption of coffee, tea, or wine, as well as tobacco use or iron supplements, cause dark extrinsic staining.
Hardened Plaque (Tartar): Plaque that collects iron and staining compounds hardens into tartar (calculus) and turns dark gray or black. [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

Interestingly, studies show that individuals who naturally develop black tooth stains from chromogenic bacteria often have significantly lower amounts of S. mutans and a lower rate of dental cavities

 Actinomyces: These are normal oral flora that actively take part in the formation of plaque biofilms. While Streptococcus mutans typically kicks off the cavity process by feeding on sugars and producing enamel-eroding acids, Actinomyces bacteria are highly capable of surviving in acidic environments and are major contributors to root surface caries (decay near the gum line)

 I bet this is what it is! Fascinating. 

 Scientific studies suggest that ginger derivatives, particularly extracts, can inhibit the growth of and kill certain species of Actinomyces bacteria (such as Actinomyces naslundii and Actinomyces viscosus)

 

Yes, you are on the right track! Actinomyces species are primary chromogenic bacteria involved in the formation of extrinsic black tooth stain. They metabolize and release hydrogen sulfide, which then reacts with iron and trace elements in your saliva to create an insoluble, dark pigment. [1, 2, 3]

While Actinomyces causes the staining, the halitosis (bad breath) often stems from a different process closely related to these bacteria: [1, 2]

Volatile Sulfur Compounds (VSCs): Actinomyces—along with other anaerobic bacteria in your mouth and tongue coating—breaks down proteins to produce foul-smelling VSCs, particularly hydrogen sulfide. [1, 2]
Plaque Environment: The black stain creates a rough, calcified plaque structure that provides an ideal breeding ground for the anaerobic bacteria responsible for bad breath. [1, 2, 3]
Co-existing Pathogens: Halitosis and severe black stains are both linked to an overall imbalance (dysbiosis) in the oral microbiome
 https://www.tooth-life.com/black-line-on-teeth.php
Black line stains, on the other hand, contain very few of these acid-producing bacteria.


Interestingly, for black lines to form and build up, they require an alkaline (not acidic) environment and saliva rich in minerals such as calcium and phosphorus. All of these factors are actually protective against cavities.

This is why people prone to black line stains usually also have mineral-rich saliva and a less acidic mouth. 
 Actinomyces israelii is a commensal inhabitant of
the oral cavity and intestinal tract [4] but acquires pathogenicity through the invasion of
breached or necrotic tissue. It is an opportunistic infection, usually in association with
bacterial invasion. It tends to follow a break in normal mucosal barriers. As the infec-
tion progresses, granulomatous tissue, extensive reactive fibrosis and necrosis, abscesses,
draining sinuses, and fistulas are formed [5]. Infection involving the cervicofacial area
is most common...Yes, Actinomyces israelii not only can grow with other strains of the same species, but it thrives as part of a polymicrobial community. In fact, it is rarely found as a single isolate in nature or infection, relying heavily on co-existing with other bacteria...This infection usually spreads locally slowly, and it may take months before any
symptoms appear [8]. It is not able to cross normal mucosal barriers and, therefore,
opportunistic infections can occur only in the context of underlying local disease. The
destruction of the mucosal barrier
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/12/3/447 
 
 Central nervous system (CNS) actinomycosis is a rare condition that accounts for less than 5% of all actinomycosis cases. It occurs when Actinomyces bacteria (usually present in the mouth or digestive tract) spread to the brain or the surrounding membranes (meninges)
 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1155/2020/5961452
 Oral-cervicofacial actinomycosis is the localization found most often, presenting as a soft tissue
swelling, an abscess, a mass lesion, or sometimes an ulcerative lesion.
 Cervico-facial means relating to, affecting, or involving both the neck and the face.

the child rapist dotard Drumpf is booed/disappeared! "they can edited him out of that" Australian TV on Spain's World Cup victory trophy photo

 

 As Trump was awkwardly loitering on the stage, an SBS [Australian broadcasting] commentator can be heard saying, “They can edit him out of that,” as footage of the celebratory moment, with added U.S. president, was shown on Australian TV.

https://www.thedailybeast.com/trumps-world-cup-stunt-gets-savaged-in-hot-mic-moment/ 

 

 https://www.euronews.com/culture/2026/07/20/donald-trump-photobombing-la-roja-goes-viral-following-spains-world-cup-victory

The Drumpf Curse theory - every team that Drumpf promotes (USA, England, Argentina) all lose in the World Cup. Hilarious.

 

 The FIFA president literally hands over the World Cup to Drumpf who refuses to let go.

 

 I think the FIFA president regrets his decision, realizing Drumpf is in this for the "long haul." hahaha

 

 At this moment the FIFA president realizes he has a real problem on his hand - Drumpf the child rapist Dotard!!

 

 In the race over to try to fix the Drumpf child rapist dotard problem, ....

 

This is as FAR as FIFA can go!! Drumpf the child rapist dotard REFUSES to leave!!

 

 Here is the AFTERMATH of Drumpf on stage with the FIFA president having given up physically and left to "pleading" from a distance - calling Drumpf off stage!!

 

 So at this point the FIFA president is now gesturing by waving his arm with the "hook" to LEAVE the stage already!!! Drumpf is blatantly ignoring the FIFA president while giving his fake Drumpf smile to the front. A classic moment.

 

Finally the FIFA president goes in for a 2nd physical "grab" to get Drumpf off stage.

 

 

Spain edited Donald Trump out of the picture of their World ...

Facebook · The Sun Football

910+ reactions · 1 hour ago At the World Cup trophy presentation, Trump refused to get off the stage—they were literally pushing him to leave. Total embarrassment. So the ...

 

 The two pictures are different. Trump had already left in the second picture.

 https://sports.yahoo.com/articles/donald-trump-edited-spain-trophy-113223588.html

  "He has to insert himself everywhere he doesn't belong." - a World Cup fan

referring to Drumpf being a Child Rapist Dotard!!

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

why the back molars make a cracking noise when I "flex" my pineal gland (turn the light around)

 The weird thing is - my pineal gland is always "pulling up" bacteria and yin qi up through the vagus nerve and arteries by the back molars... I can "flex" my pineal gland and there is cracking noise and I can feel the blood get pulled up. So how?

The roots of your back molars are separated from major arteries by just a few millimeters to about 1.5 cm of bone.

  This posterior superior alveolar artery originates from the maxillary artery in the upper jaw (pterygopalatine fossa). Its primary function is to supply blood to the upper molar and premolar teeth   

Yes, postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers connect and run alongside the Posterior Superior Alveolar Artery (PSAA). Yes. The sympathetic nervous system is the primary neural pathway that controls the pineal gland.

There mystery solved of what's going on in my body-brain-spirit activation of my pineal gland!! hahahaha.

 So I am not supposed to be "pulling up" the yin qi via the sympathetic nervous system! oops.

That is the opposite of real Neidan alchemy meditation. "pulling up " the yin qi is psychic tantra and is dirty.

 

""The Value of Not Filling a Tooth" aka "Wind that cavity back:" if the cavity is in the enamel then don't touch it: Dr. Mike Heffernan

 caries lesion remineralization can occur in enamel and dentin....remineralization may happen for minor carious lesions if dental hygiene is maintained optimally, including brushing twice daily with fluoride toothpaste, flossing, and regularly applying
topical fluoride. ...Non-cavitated [no-hole] Lesions can be halted and remineralisation may take place with significant alterations to the diet, such as a decrease in the frequency of refined sugars. It can be addressed using a non-surgical approach through tooth
remineralisation. (Patel et al., 2020)....Misdiagnosing a cavity when no lesion exists happens occasionally. Field tests and industry studies indicate that about 25% to 50% of dentists disagree on cavity diagnoses, often due to differing thresholds for what qualifies as "decay" versus a stain,...

A visible lesion will often show up as a dark shadow on an X-ray or a dark hole/discoloration on a photograph. [1, 2, 3, 4]

Request a "Watch" Plan: If the dentist claims the cavity is very small, ask if it is a non-cavitated lesion that can be monitored with fluoride, sealants, and improved hygiene at your next checkup... in Europe and elsewhere in the world, however, dental schools teach not to restore the tooth until the radiographic evidence shows the cavity getting at least 1/3 to 1/2 way through the dentin. Personally, I view this as a bit dangerous, however, because the more tooth structure that is lost and the closer you get to the nerve then the greater likelihood of some kind of greater

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dr-Shahidulla/publication/388533228_Dental_Caries-_The_Most_Prevailing_Disease-_An_Overview/links/679c6ae496e7fb48b9aab299/Dental-Caries-The-Most-Prevailing-Disease-An-Overview.pdf 

 @dr.elliephillips

2 years ago

If you have an early cavity and get on my system - this cavity will usually go away within 6 months. If you already have a really big cavity - it may harden up - but the damage may already be too far gone. The best time to start with my strategies is BEFORE any cavities - and then keep your teeth pristine for life :)  

The body is a healing machine - if we allow it to do "its own thing" and not mess up the systems. In the mouth - our saliva is dripping with minerals that can repair and restore ANY tooth defect - if we allow this saliva time to work. The problem with modern living is that people are constantly sipping and snacking - often on sugary, carbohydrate or acidic foods and drinks - that strip away these minerals from our teeth and from the saliva in our mouth. 

My strategies suggest you give an hour after cleaning your teeth - to allow these minerals in the saliva/ spit in your mouth to enter the surfaces of your teeth to rebuild them. This makes your teeth stronger and more resilient - and whiter! The system I recommend is designed to SPEED up this process ( called mineralization - or the putting back of minerals into teeth). Each step of my system works in harmony with the next to create an ultimate HELP for your mouth to achieve this end result.

 Since you're using xylitol powder or granules, simply put 1/4 teaspoon of it into your mouth (this equals 1 gram of xylitol) and swish it around in your mouth for anywhere from 2-5 minutes, then you can swallow it. It will encourage a fresh flow of mineral-filled saliva to your mouth. Use at least 6 grams per day, spread out throughout the day in small 1 gram (1/4 teaspoon) doses. (You don't need any more than 10 grams per day, as any more will not do more.) You use this after every meal, snack, or drink of liquid (even water), and then do not eat or drink anything else for at least 1 hour or more.

 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00784-019-02900-5

 The NaF-containing anti-erosion, dentin hypersensitivity dentifrice improved remineralisation of acid-softened enamel starting at 60 min of intra-oral exposure. It also improved enamel erosion resistance and fluoride uptake as early as 5 min after exposure to fluoridated dentifrice slurry.

Randomised study of the effects of fluoride and time on in situ remineralisation of acid-softened enamel

I got a cleaning and x-rays since I over-did it on the diatomaceous earth (that made my teeth super white but destroyed my gums). So I had trapped food and bacteria and also dry mouth from too much tea - and this created two cavities near the gums on each back molar on the outside of the teeth. 

Xylitol makes your mouth produce mineral-rich saliva. Every time you do this a new layer of mineral is laid down. Think about how an oyster can grow it's shell from the minerals in sea water. It's the same principle. Consider your teeth to be like the oyster and your saliva to be like the sea water. Every time that mineral rich "sea water" washes up on your teeth, that's a new layer. While it may be microscopic, over time any hole can be filled in with new mineral.

  Just let your saliva interact with your teeth for 30-60 minutes after eating a meal. Drink at mealtimes. Ideally end every meal with some xylitol/Zellies mints (available on Amazon) because they stimulate a flow of special mineralizing saliva - which you do just before you stop eating and drinking. That is basically the idea. There are some caveats, like saliva is most healing in the afternoon - so BE absolutely SURE to do this every afternoon!

 change the way you care for your teeth - especially learn how to use xylitol. So easy and delicious - the possibility exists but you have to take action. Most xylitol products have glycerin, which counteracts the effects. Just get granule xylitol or Zellies...if it's candy, dissolve the candy in your mouth and kind of swish the saliva around your mouth that has dissolved candy residue in it.

https://dentistry.co.uk/author/mheffernan/ Dr. Mike Hefferman is a practicing dentist and a Specialist Prosthodontist. He qualified from Guy's Hospital in London and did his specialist training at University of Iowa and University of Florida in USA. He ran his own practice in the prestigious Harley Street in London.

A British dentist Dr Mike Hefferman has a discussion with Ellie Phillips and he argues that a cavity filling near the gum line on the back molars thus prevents the gum from reattaching to the tooth and the cavity just gets worse around the filling. The other problem is possibly cracking the tooth. It is better to try to reverse the cavity and regrow the gums. So this corroborates the claim of Ellie Phillips also. 

 Dr. Ellie Phillips earned her dental degree from the Guy's Hospital Medical School at the University of London....In the context of Dr. Ellie Phillips and her materials, a DOM typically refers to a Doctor of Oriental Medicine (or OMD).

 Participants in the xylitol arm developed 40% fewer root caries lesions than those in the placebo arm (0.23 vs. 0.38 D2FS/yr; IRR = 0.60; 95% CI for IRR = [0.44 

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3654758/ 

In a youtube interview with another British dentist - again Dr. Mike Heffernan -  the British dentist cited the above study and the "Food Standard Authority" on how xylitol was very effective at reducing "root cavities" by 40% and reducing plaque!  He designed a Green Tea Xylitol mint... wow it's Out of stock on Amazon 

The claim of Ellie Phillips is that strong enough dosage of xylitol in the mouth will cause the Strep Mutans to reduce by over 90% (her levels are not even detectable) - and also the xylitol were act as a catalyst by increasing mineral saliva that regrows the enamel and gums.

The Ellie Phillips system combines the "prebiotic" heavy dosage of xylitol use with strong levels of sodium fluoride and also antiseptic mouthwash (two kinds) - in a two dose a day bath of multiple layers of both anti-septic and mineral ion catalyst reactions (the sodium fluoride in both the toothpaste and the ACT mouth rinse).

Ellie Phillips also relies on "mouth resting" to enable the salvia mineralization process that is activated starting one half hour after eating - and maximizes at one hour - and continues to 1.5 hours. During this time after letting the xylitol dissolve in the mouth (after the meal) then NO drinking or eating is allowed. This enables the remineralization process to occur.

At night xylitol needs to be relied on to reverse dry mouth - and of course the 2nd dosage of antiseptic and fluoride treatment also occurs. 

Ellie Phillips then recommends a "flossing toothbrush" to massage the gums - and she argues that flossing actually destroys the gum healing process. Rather the mouth rinses should push out any stuck cellulose or cartilage between the teeth. 

In the case that there are already cavities that need to be reversed then flossing is recommended to be done with the fluoride toothpaste in the mouth - between the teeth.

My relative told me that after an x-ray showed cavities then ACT restore was used and the next x-ray did not show cavities.... 

So I think that using ACT restore and the xylitol and going off all refined sugar - should get the results I need. Tea does restore collagen and has fluoride to prevent cavities - so I just switched tea to a Bergamot Earl Grey (Equal Exchange) - that doesn't have the bad after taste of the other tea I was drinking. I will rely on the xylitol to reverse the dry mouth problem - along with increasing water drinking.

 If you have "gum disease" you will get it on the "implants" also! Luckily my hygienist said overall my gums look very good - despite the strong recession problem in the back molars....

 https://dentistry.co.uk/2021/03/09/dr-heffs-the-science-behind-the-mint/

I will also buy nano-calcium phosphate toothpaste in a couple days - to directly remineralize the teeth.

  While there is circulation in the pulp of the tooth, the enamel has no circulation. Dentin (inner layer of tooth) does very slowly continue to grow inward into the pulp. But enamel ( outer layer of tooth) does not grow at all after the eruption of the tooth through the gum....So called “remineralization” is a very superficial ion exchange phenomenon. However, limiting sugars in your diet and brushing well will basically stop advancement of decay. But if decay has reached the pulp, an extraction or root canal need to be done.....

 enamel has no healing capability at all. Also enamel is much denser than dentin. Thus when a cavity progresses all the way through the enamel, it then progresses much faster through dentin. That is why dentists recommend a filling when they can see in x rays that a cavity has progressed into the dentin. The progression of a cavity in dentin in someone consuming lots of sugar and with poor oral hygiene is much faster than the inward deposit of dentin thus in such cases decay and thus bacteria reach the pulp. This is when one feels extreme toothache.

Constant care with a small amount of fluoride is good.

 "We have to get rid of the bacteria so that the hole can close completely

Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) burrows into and clings to teeth primarily because the mouth is a highly hostile environment. By hiding deep within microscopic crevices and building protective biofilms (plaque), the bacteria secure a permanent shelter, shield themselves from brushing and saliva,

Nano-calcium-phosphate (such as nano-hydroxyapatite) can sometimes feel hypocritical because, despite being a natural building block of our bones and teeth, concentrated nanoparticles can show paradoxical behaviors in different environments: [1, 2, 3, 4]

• Stable vs. Soluble: It remains stable in neutral environments (like blood), but rapidly dissolves when exposed to the acidic environments inside cells or the stomach, where it breaks down into harmless calcium and phosphate ions. [1, 2, 3]
Healing vs. Toxic: In toothpastes, it actively repairs and remineralizes tooth enamel. However, some cell culture studies show isolated, concentrated particles can be toxic to cells, primarily because they agglomerate and smother the cell layer

 

Is the Ecological Crisis now becoming mainstream - breaking through the Corporate Media firewall?

 New UN conference on how the oceans are under severe threat and in crisis

The Highseas Treaty is now ratified by 92 countries - protects areas of the ocean... shares commercial benefits of ocean species....plastic pollution transformation mechanism.... 

‘OUR ECONOMY WILL COLLAPSE’- why Britain’s heatwaves are going to get worse 

First heat and now wildfire smoke has taken over the outside environment - I stopped my outdoor work this week until Friday - people are planning on things clearing up by Friday but I'm not so sure....

The wildfires will definitely still be going into September according to the foresters....

 

 

The primary bond market from Fed FREE bank Reverses is always a lower percentage rate than the secondary market: Steve Keen

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vyLnDop6Ux4

Mixing up the primary and secondary bond markets.... the banks are getting an asset in the primary market  - an asset that gets NO interest... and so the government offers to trade those "reserves" for a secondary market. The yield on the reserves is less than the yield on bonds.  You can't trade reserves.

It's the rate on reserves versus the primary market (not the secondary market) - the government sets the rate on reserves. The government will always buy bonds since they're a better return rate than the reserves.

leading up to the 2008 financial crisis there was no interest rate on reserves....  

 

 

the fact that the on the primary market the funds that are used to buy the bonds are created by the deficit itself. So the government spends more than it gets back in taxation that creates reserves. Those are the funds that are used to buy initial bonds in an auction.

 10% of GDP as reserves were created from QE but only .1% were sold each day in the primary market... 

 

there's 100 times as many reserves outstanding as actually needed to buy the bonds that are on offer. And because the bonds offer a higher yield than can be traded, everybody will who who can bid will bid. There'll be overs subscribed bids. This is the standard situation.

 Yes, quantitative easing (QE) directly increases the reserve accounts that commercial banks hold at the central bank 

That will affect the price of  bonds on the secondary market, but that is nothing to do with the primary market.

  Effective March 26, 2020, the Board reduced reserve requirement ratios to zero percent. This action effectively eliminated reserve requirements for all depository institutions. Consequently, all funds banks hold on deposit are technically excess reserves, currently totaling over $3 trillion

 Interest on Reserve Balances (IORB): The Fed pays interest on these excess funds, which serves as a primary tool to establish a floor under the federal funds rate

 Yes, during Quantitative Easing (QE), the Federal Reserve effectively provided the banking system with vast amounts of "free reserves." [1]

During QE, the Fed creates digital money to purchase long-term assets (like Treasury bonds and Mortgage-Backed Securities) from financial institutions. When the Fed buys these assets, it credits the seller's commercial bank with an equivalent amount of new, digital central bank reserves. Because these reserves are created out of thin air to pay for the assets, they act as free reserves injected directly into the banking system

For the most part, central banks weren’t actually “printing money”.  Rather they were buying longer-term bonds paying 2% interest with newly issued interest bearing reserves, which at the time paid almost no interest at all. Central banks were essentially operating the world’s largest hedge funds. Borrowing short-term at low rates and lending long-term at a higher rate. 

 https://www.econlib.org/time-to-pay-the-piper/

 Banks, considered together, have no choice but to hold the reserves QE has force-fed into the system. Compelling them to do it for nothing would be a form of financial repression which may impair banks’ ability to lend. It would “transfer the costs [of rising rates] to the banking sector,” Sir Paul Tucker, a former deputy governor of the Bank of England, told parliament in 2021.

 The current interest rate banks earn on reserve balances (IORB) parked at the Federal Reserve is 3.65%.

 Back in 2007, short-term interest rates in the US were about 5% and thus banks held only a tiny amount of excess reserves.  Today, excess reserves are now roughly 1000-fold higher than before the Fed began paying IOR in 2008. .. 

 Central banks determine the nominal stock of reserves, while the commercial banking system determines the real stock of reserves.  

To be sure, central banks can induce commercial banks to hold a very large stock of reserves—even in real terms—if they are willing to pay sufficient IOR.  But if you assume that no interest would be paid on most bank reserves, why would banks choose to hold large a real stock of excess reserves?

If all banks simultaneously tried to get rid of excess reserves, this would lead to changes in the prices of goods, services, and assets.  Eventually, the price level would rise high enough so that banks were holding their desired real stock of reserves.  But when you consider that excess reserves in America are roughly 1000-fold higher than in 2007, the required price level increase would presumably be very large. ...

 The commercial banks acquire “free” legal reserves, yet the bankers protested that they didn’t earn any interest on their balances in the Federal Reserve Banks.
Given bankable opportunities (and the Federal Government is the largest creditworthy borrower providing zero risk-weighted assets), on the basis of these newly acquired free reserves, the commercial banks created a multiple volume of credit and money. And, through this money, they acquired a concomitant volume of additional earnings assets.
How much was this multiple expansion of money, credit, and bank earning assets? Thanks to fractional reserve banking (an essential characteristic of commercial banking) for every dollar of legal reserves pumped into the member banks by the Fed, the banking system acquired about $206:1 (c. 2006), dollars in earning assets through credit creation.

 https://talkmarkets.com/article/bank-reserves-and-loans-the-fed-is-pushing-on-a-string?post=64407

  The Fed is anxious to spark more lending/borrowing, and it has lowered interest rates to near-zero and made it easy for banks to build reserves--two things that in previous eras would have sparked increased borrowing.

Commercial banks acquire earning assets through the creation of new money. When commercial banks make loans to or buy securities from the nonbank public new money- demand deposits are created in the banking system.
The aggregate lending capacity of the payment’s System is determined by the monetary policy of Federal Reserve Authorities. It is in no way dependent on the savings practices of the public.

 https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/?g=UheC

 

 The real interest rate is the true cost of borrowing or the actual yield on savings after adjusting for inflation. It represents your true change in purchasing power. If a savings account pays 5% and inflation is 3%, your real interest rate is 2%

FFR (Federal Funds Rate) is the interest rate banks charge each other to borrow or lend reserve balances overnight. The rate banks earn on funds held directly at the Federal Reserve is called IORB (Interest on Reserve Balances). The Fed uses the IORB to anchor the FFR. [1, 2, 3]

The distinction operates as follows:

Federal Funds Rate (FFR): The rate commercial banks charge each other in the private market for overnight loans of reserves.
Interest on Reserve Balances (IORB): The rate the Fed pays banks for keeping their money in reserve at the central bank

ZLB (Zero Lower Bound) is the macroeconomic concept that short-term nominal interest rates cannot realistically fall below zero. It limits a central bank's ability to stimulate the economy during a recession because people and banks would rather hold cash (which yields 0%) than accept a negative return. [1, 2]

It is closely related to, but distinct from, the Interest on Reserve Balances (IORB) or Interest on Excess Reserves (IOER). While the ZLB refers to the "zero floor" limit for monetary policy, the IORB is the actual positive interest rate central banks (like the Federal Reserve) pay to commercial banks on the reserve funds

 The Federal Reserve provided central banks and commercial banks with trillions of dollars in excess reserve deposits, reaching peak excess reserves of roughly $4.2 trillion in late 2021. These massive reserve balances were created as the direct liability counterpart to the Fed's quantitative easing (QE) asset purchases

Great Recession (2008-2014): Initial large-scale asset purchases caused bank reserves at the Fed to surge to around $2.8 trillion, which unexpectedly became trapped as excess reserves rather than immediately entering the broader money supply. [1]

COVID-19 Pandemic (2020-2022): The Fed purchased approximately $4.6 trillion in securities, boosting peak reserve balances to an all-time high of roughly $4.2 trillion

 Since then, the Fed has utilized quantitative tightening (QT) to shrink its balance sheet and reduce these overall reserve deposits to around $3 trillion, which the Fed considers the baseline for an "ample reserves" monetary policy framework

 https://www.minneapolisfed.org/article/2015/should-we-worry-about-excess-reserves

  the nation’s fractional banking system allows banks to convert excess reserves held at the Federal Reserve into bank loans at about a 10-to-1 ratio. Banks might engage in such conversion if they believe other banks are about to do so, in a manner similar to a bank run that generates a self-fulfilling prophecy.

 Policymakers could guard against this inflationary possibility by the Fed selling financial assets it acquired during quantitative easing or by Congress significantly raising reserve requirements.

 So, 60 percent of the entire monetary base is now in the form of excess reserves compared to roughly 0 percent precrisis.

  Since each dollar of bank deposit requires approximately only 10 cents of required reserves at the Fed, then each dollar of excess reserves can be converted by banks into 10 dollars of deposits. That is, for every dollar in excess reserves, a bank can lend 10 dollars to businesses or households and still meet its required reserve ratio.

 Thus, if every dollar of excess reserves were converted into new loans at a ratio of 10 to one, the $2.4 trillion in excess reserves would become $24 trillion in new loans, and M2 liquidity would rise from $12 trillion to $36 trillion, a tripling of M2.

 The U.S. M2 money supply is currently at $23.05 trillion. This metric reflects a 5.58% year-over-year increase.

  a central bank that commits to pay a given nominal interest rate on excess reserves, but where banks are free to convert these excess reserves to loans at any time.¹ Within this setting, we consider two scenarios: In the first, households, firms and banks all expect inflation to be low. In this scenario, the interest rate offered by the Fed is sufficiently high relative to the interest rate banks could get by loaning out their excess reserves to induce the banks to leave the excess reserves at the Fed.

 In the second scenario, households, firms and banks all expect inflation to be high. Given this expectation, households and firms will be willing to pay higher interest rates to banks for loans since they expect to pay back in cheaper dollars. In this situation, the Fed’s interest rate on excess reserves is no longer high enough to induce banks to leave their reserves at the Fed, and when banks convert their excess reserves to loans, they create extra liquidity that generates higher inflation. Thus, the expectation of higher inflation induces the reality of higher inflation.

 One possible solution would be for the Fed to severely reduce its balance sheet by selling to banks the financial assets it acquired during its quantitative-easing episodes. This would automatically lower the banks’ excess reserves.

In exchange for the newly created bank reserves injected into the financial system, the Federal Reserve acquired two primary types of financial assets: [1]

• Treasury Securities: The Fed purchased large quantities of U.S. government debt (such as Treasury bonds and notes) to lower long-term interest rates. [1, 2, 3]
Mortgage-Backed Securities (MBS): The Fed also bought MBSs issued by government-sponsored enterprises and federal agencies

 By digitally creating these central bank reserves, the Fed effectively swapped the public's or financial institutions' longer-term, interest-bearing securities for highly liquid, cash-like reserve balances. 

 Another potential solution is for Congress to make the policy and legal changes necessary to convert excess reserves into required reserves by dramatically increasing required reserve ratios, perhaps to 100 percent (and possibly compensating banks by paying adequate interest on these reserves).² In a separate paper (Chari and Phelan 2014), V. V. Chari and I consider the costs and benefits of implementing a 100 percent reserve requirement and argue that the costs of such a requirement shrink as communications technologies improve, with the usual and oft-cited benefit that bank runs are eliminated. 

The Federal Reserve sets the required reserve ratio for all depository institutions at 0%. Because there are no required reserves, banks are not legally required to hold a minimum against customer deposits. Any reserves a bank holds at the Fed are considered excess reserves. [1, 2, 3]

The U.S. central bank dropped reserve requirements to zero percent in March 2020 as part of its pandemic response and continues to operate under an "abundant-reserve" framework. Instead of forcing banks to keep a portion of deposits on hand, the Fed manages the money supply and influences short-term interest rates by paying interest on the reserve balances banks choose to keep with them

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HDmXLWH2p9E

 

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MLzncbEc63M

 So the discount rate is the ceiling of the primary market difference to the reserve interest rate.

 The discount rate (or primary credit rate) acts as the upper bound or ceiling for short-term interbank lending. Because the Federal Reserve lends directly to eligible financial institutions, no bank would logically pay a higher rate to borrow reserves on the primary market than the Fed charges at its discount window

 https://fredblog.stlouisfed.org/2024/04/rates-related-to-monetary-policy/

Ceiling: The Federal Reserve Discount Rate.

Floor: The Interest on Reserve Balances (IORB) or Overnight Reverse Repurchase (ON RRP) rate

 

the federal discount rate is a key emergency backstop to prevent bank failures.

Secondary credit has an interest rate set above the primary discount rate for troubled banks.

The discount rate is set by the Fed's board of governors, unlike the market-set federal funds rate.

The Fed prefers banks to monitor each other's credit risk by borrowing at the lower federal funds rate.

 Essentially 100% of the Treasury securities purchased by the Federal Reserve for Quantitative Easing (QE) are sourced from Primary Dealers

 

Primary Dealers

ASL Capital Markets Inc. Bank of Montreal, Chicago Branch Bank of Nova Scotia, New York Agency BNP Paribas Securities Corp. Barclays Capital Inc. BofA Securities, Inc. Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. Citigroup Global Markets Inc. Daiwa Capital Markets America Inc. Deutsche Bank Securities Inc. Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC HSBC Securities (USA) Inc. Jefferies LLC J.P. Morgan Securities LLC Mizuho Securities USA LLC Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC MUFG Securities Americas Inc. NatWest Markets Securities Inc. Nomura Securities International, Inc. RBC Capital Markets, LLC Santander US Capital Markets LLC SMBC Nikko Securities America, Inc. Societe Generale, New York Branch TD Securities (USA) LLC UBS Securities LLC. Wells Fargo Securities, LLC

 https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/notes/feds-notes/who-buys-treasuries-when-the-fed-reduces-its-holdings-20240614.html