https://www3.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/owm0031.pdf
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/6/3667
The green biotechnology of mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus L.) includes the
myco-remediation of polluted soil and water as well as bio-fermentation. The circular economy approach could be effectively achieved by using oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus L.), of which the substrate of their cultivation is considered as a vital source for producing biofertilizers, animal feeds, bioenergy, and bio-remediators.
Oyster Mushroom MycoRemediation of humanure water in Chicago
known amounts of E. coli–inoculated water were processed through organic wheat straw with mycelia of Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom) to assess if these fungi were capable of E. coli removal and at what rates. The second part of the study replicated the lab-based experiment with water samples from the Chicago River. Results showed that mycelia treatments were able to remove significant amounts of E. coli in lab- and field-sampling-based settings (99.25% and 99.74% over 96 h respectively), and did so at higher rates within the initial 48 h. With a substantial E. coli reduction by fungal mycelia from initial colony counts over 96 h, our study demonstrated that mycoremediation may be a feasible and possible option for natural contaminant remediation.
Pini, A. K., & Geddes, P. (2020). Fungi Are Capable of Mycoremediation of River Water Contaminated by E. coli. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 231(2). doi:10.1007/s11270-020-4464-7
Rogers, T. (2012). Experimental evaluation of mycoremediation of
Escherichia coli bacteria in solution using Pleurotus
ostreatus. Olympia: Master’s Thesis. Evergreen State
College
Taylor, A. W., Flatt, A., Beutel, M., Wolff, M., Brownson, K., &
Stamets, P. E. (2015). Removal of Escherichia coli from
synthetic stormwater using mycofiltration. Ecological
Engineering, 78, 79–86.
Most mycelia release
antimicrobial exoenzymes to stun and digest bacteria
(Stamets 2005; Thomas et al. 2009; Kulshreshtha et al.
2014). These antimicrobial properties can be found in
several fungal species including Calvatia spp.,
Ganoderma spp., and Pleurotus spp. (Singh 2006). Un-
like current wastewater treatment processes using bacte-
ria, mycoremediation leaves no sludge byproduct and
does not require further disinfection or sterilization.
Mycelia removed 82.08% of initial E. coli
in the first half of the experiment (0 to 48 h) and removed
95.81% of the E. coli remaining after the first 48 h in the
second half of the experiment (48 to 96 h; Fig. 1).
https://works.swarthmore.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1284&context=theses
Replication of above study!
Author
Kennedy M. Hill , '23 
This study was conducted in collaboration with Fungi Perfecti, a company that is
developing new concepts and methods of using fungi to degrade and sequester
contaminates in our waterways. Benedict conducted controlled laboratory experiments
with the Nisqually strain of Pleurotus ostreatus to assess the capability of using
mycofiltration as a possible BMP. He found that filtering fecal coliform bacteria (FCB)
contaminated water with nothing but woodchips reduced FCB concentration by 12%.
However, when filtering through a mycofilter of sterilized alder wood chips inoculated
with Nisqually strain of Pleurotus ostreatus, the fecal coliform count was reduced by
63%. While using non-sterilized alder wood chips inoculated with Nisqually strain of
Pleurotus ostreatus the fecal coliform count was reduced by 87%.
https://collections.evergreen.edu/files/original/3dc68e16a3640be714424e5932b1f363775c850d.pdf
thanks - if you go to my latest blog post on my blog elixirfield dot blogspot you will find three studies I cite proving Oyster Mushrooms reduce E. Coli to EPA drinking water standards!!! Holy smokes! hahahaha. The first study was in 2012 and was not controlled enough. The next study was 2020 and the third one is 2023! So I'm very exciting to try this out. Also I did blog posts on the MycoToilet project - it's set up this summer in the Botanical Gardens at University of British columbia. they are using a composting toilet that has a moving belt to drop the waste into a bin outside the toilet. The mycelium will be in that bin also - and then changed out.
https://elixirfield.blogspot.com/2024/05/nature-calls-mycotoilet-being-launched.html
A fourth study...
If there isn't decomposition then it isn't a composting toilet. Dehydrating human excreta doesn't involve decomposition and the result isn't a humus-like end product.
Four months out of the year is the limit for seasonal dwelling?
https://legislature.vermont.gov/Documents/2024/Docs/BILLS/H-0163/
Vermont composting toilet discussion!
"In vessel composting" is what the requirement is - "it's not legal to have human waste exposed outside"- "the goal is to safely compost it and ONCE it's composted THEN it can be properly buried according to the requirements... - below ground but separated from the ground water."
Incorporation - means the mixing of domestic septage with the topsoil by means such as
discing, moldboard plowing or chisel plowing, to a minimum depth of 6 inches.
https://www.co.aitkin.mn.us/ordinances/pdf/Land-Application-Ordinance.pdf
Domestic septage may be disposed of on the soil under the following conditions.
1. The site must be a non-public contact site.
2. The land is zoned Open space or Farm residential.
Land Application Ordinance
(3-2003)
The MPCA does not directly regulate land application of septage but, through the SSTS licensing program, requires that any applicable state and local government requirements be followed.
https://www.pca.state.mn.us/business-with-us/ssts-service-and-maintenance
Seasonal Dwelling means less than 180 days a year but less than 120 Consecutive days for the septic system (composting toilet)!
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