Just so you know - I plan on harvesting the Prickly Ash
(Zanthoxylum Americanum)
trees up front (to the south) for their medicinal bark. I didn't cut
them down last year but I did cut them down the year before.
I need to look for chrysalis first! Prickly and Wafer Ash are the major food source for the Giant Swallowtail butterfly. http://www.minnesotaseasons.com/Insects/eastern_giant_swallowtail.html
|
A recent study (Vermont
Center for Ecostudies and colleagues, 2021) shows an unusually rapid
northward expansion of the range of the eastern giant swallowtail.
Over the course of 18 years, the range of
the Eastern Giant Swallowtail moved just over 200 miles north—a rate of
expansion more than 27 times faster than the average organism.
Further expansion of the range is considered unlikely, being
limited by the range of the butterfly’s northernmost host plant,
northern prickly ash. https://monarchbutterflylifecycle.com/blogs/raise/how-to-overwinter-swallowtail-chrysalis |
This beautiful black and yellow butterfly is hard to miss with a wingspan of up to 7” across.
Zanthoxylum americanum [Prickly Ash] is a common understory species in the
northern forests of Minnesota and surrounding regions. It has potential
economic importance for its citrus fragrance, pharmacological or
insecticidal properties, and produces peppercorns similar to those of
the related Zanthoxylum species. ...
Piperitone is more repellent than is the common insect repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET).
Piperitone was the most abundant terpenoid in green prickly ash fruit
Herculin, an
alkamide in the plant, produces a localized numbing effect on the tongue
when consumed, which may explain the historical use of prickly ash for
toothaches. Prickly ash bark contains alkaloids and a volatile oil. The
fruit is rich in the volatile oil.
Leaf, fruit, stem, bark and root of Zanthoxylum americanum were
investigated for antifungal activity with 11 strains of fungi
representing diverse opportunistic and systemic pathogens,
...
A high furanocoumarin content was detected in fruit and leaf and low furanocoumarin levels were found in bark and wood.
...
Antifungal activity is positively correlated to furanocoumarin content in extracts of the traditional phytomedicine northern prickly ash
Saqib et al. (1990) demonstrated that extracts from the aromatic fresh
berries of Z. americanum showed significant toxicity to brine shrimp
larvae and were cytotoxic to
human tumor cells. Using bioassay-guided isolation, 5 furanocoumarins
were identified in the berries. These were isoimperatorin, cnidilin,
imperatorin, psoralen and xanthotoxin. The cytotoxicity of other prickly
ash plant parts has also been demonstrated. Recently, Ju et al (2001)
reported on 4 pyranocoumarins and 2 lignans from the stem and root bark
that exhibited an inhibitory effect on DNA synthesis in human leukemia
cells (HL-60). Nonetheless, the antiviral activity of Z. americanum has
not been investigated,
Four of these compounds were definitively characterized as xanthyletin
(9 mg), dipetaline (40 mg), allo-xanthoxylettn (7 mg), xanthoxyietin (11
mg) along with the tentative characterization of two coumaric
compounds, an unknown pyranocoumarin (2 mg) and 5, 7,
8-trimethoxycoumarin (5 mg).
Four pyranocoumarins, dipetaline, alloxanthoxyletin, xanthoxyletin, and
xanthyletin, and two liqnans, sesamin and asarinin were isolated from
the northern prickly ash, Zanthoxylum americanum. To varying degrees,
all six compounds inhibited the incorporation of tritiated thymidine
into human leukemia (HL-60) cells and the inhibitory effect was
dependent on the structures of the isolated compounds.
Isoproterenol (ISO) induced cardiotoxicity....ZANTHOXYLUM AMERICANUM EXTRACT showed a significant
decrease in sodium and a significant increase in potassium and calcium levels when
compared to ISO administered rats. ...Zanthoxylum Americanum Extract
administration might have minimized the effect of ISO and would have prevented the
damage, ....extract of Zanthoxylum americanum bark
The major components of Zanthoxylum species are furanocoumarins, monoterpenes, and
alkaloids. They have shown potential biological activities such as antioxidant, antibacterial,
antimicrobial, and antifungal.
Piperitone was the most abundant terpenoid in green prickly ash fruit
Prickly Ash Part(s) Used:Bark Constituents/Active Ingredients:Alkaloids (isoquinoline-type): Chelerythrine
[This molecule also exhibits anticancer qualities...
Chelerythrine is a potent antibacterial agent that has aided in dealing with the emergence of antibacterial resistant bacteria.
]
and magnoflorine (main constituents), candicine, lauriflorine, nitidine, N-acetylanonaine, tembetarine.
Alison D. Pawlus
Department of Horticultural Science and the Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University
of Minnesota
A Comparison of the Chemical Profiles of the Botanical Dietary Supplements, Zanthoxylum
americanum and Zanthoxylum clava-herculis, Northern and Southern Prickly Ash
Alison D. Pawlusa,c, Dana Freunda, Cecilia Gentile, Emily Starr, Jayanti Suresha, Cindy K.
Angerhoferc, Donald L. Wyseb, Adrian D. Hegemana*
aDepartment of Horticultural Science and the Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University
of Minnesota, 1970 Folwell Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
bDepartment of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, 1991 Buford Circle, University of Minnesota St.
Paul MN 55108, USA
cAveda Corporation Corporate Headquarters, 4000 Pheasant Ridge Drive, Blaine, MN 55449,
USA
Additionally, both have shown to contain the alkaloids candicine, chelerythrine,
laurifoline, magnoflorine, nitidine, and tembetarine. [3, 11] Z. americanum, however, contains a
number of coumarins that distinguish it from Z. clava-herculis. These coumarins include a series
of pyranocoumarins from the bark: including dipetaline, alloxanthoxyletin, xanthoxyletin, and
xanthyletin [10, 12]
This 1975 study reported laurifoline as the major
constituent in Z. americanum bark Laurifolin (
1), a novel mono-tetrahydrofuran acetogenin,
Acetogenins isolated from fruit pericarp of A. squamosa showed antileishmanial activity and were inhibitory to Leishmania in vitro. Acetogenins also showed pesticidal properties. Extracts of A. muricata and A. cherimola seeds showed potent antiparasitic activity against Entamoeba histolytica, Nocardia brasiliensis, and Artemia salina. Also, acetogenins such as annonacin,
isoannonacin, and goniothalamicin isolated from the leaves showed
strong antimolluscicidal activity. Apart from this, the leaves of A. muricata demonstrated antimalarial and antiprotozoal activities in vitro. A number of acetogenin-based commercial products were developed including a shampoo for treating head lice infestation, pesticidal sprays, and an ointment for the treatment of oral herpes (HSV-1) and other skin ailments.
- Alkaloid chelerythrine is anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, and
potentiates analgesic effects of morphine. Interacts with Na/K+ ATPas
and inhibit some hepatic enzymes.
Pharmacy: Dried bark: 1-3g, TID. Dried berries: 1-5g
TID. Decoction of bark: 1 tsp/cup, simmer 20 min, TID. Infusion of
berries: 2 tsp/cup, infuse 15 min, TID. Tincture: (1:5, 60%), 2-4ml TID.
this butterfly species is now limited by the ability of Z. americanum [Prickly Ash] to expand its range northward.
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2021.579230/full#F4
https://vtecostudies.org/blog/a-giant-leap-northward-for-a-butterfly/
http://www.minnesotaseasons.com/Insects/spicebush_swallowtail.html
https://monarchbutterflygarden.net/giant-swallowtail-spreads-north/
Before 2011, I’d maybe seen two Giant Swallowtails in
Minneapolis…in 30 years! But, as temperatures trend tropical, those
living in the northern US and Canada are reporting more sightings of the
Giant Swallowtail Butterfly
https://apps.extension.umn.edu/garden/diagnose/insect/general-curiosity-insects/flies/large/giantswallowtail.html
http://www.minnesotaseasons.com/Insects/eastern_giant_swallowtail.html
https://monarchbutterflylifecycle.com/blogs/raise/how-to-overwinter-swallowtail-chrysalis
http://www.minnesotaseasons.com/Insects/eastern_tiger_swallowtail.html
https://www.mgmanitoba.com/2021/05/13/life-cycle-of-the-black-swallowtail-butterfly-papilio-polyxenes/
https://bygl.osu.edu/node/1175
If
the chrysalis is formed in September of later, this third stage of
metamorphosis can take months as the swallowtail overwinters in
chrysalis form. If the chrysalis is formed is formed by late July into August, you will get to experience North America's largest butterfly within a few weeks...
https://monarchbutterflylifecycle.com/blogs/raise/how-to-raise-giant-swallowtails
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