The Gravitational Mass (virtual phonons) of Light debunks Planck's Constant: Juliana Mortenson, Dionysios G Raftopoulos, Martin van der Mark

 thanks for the question. http://exvacuo.free.fr/div/Sciences/Dossiers/QM/Juliana%20Brooks%20Mortenson/Juliana%20Brooks%20Mortenson%20-%20Disappearance%20of%20the%20classical%20limit%20in%20quantized%20classical%20energy%20mechanics.pdf Juliana Mortenson (formerly Brooks): "The mean energy of a single oscillation or wave of light [energy/number of oscillations) is numerically equal to the value of Planck's proportionality constant "h"....The photon, as historically defined, is a time dependent packet of energy, based on the arbitrary measurement time of one second....An arbitrary one second energy increment cannot be a truly indivisible and elementary particle of nature....The variable for measurement time was relegated to an invisible existence as a hidden variable, with an implicit and fixed value of "one second." ...Planck thereafter adopted the methods of Wilhelm Wien to convert the experimental black-body data, from time dependent energy measurements to energy density measurements seemingly "independent" of time....The wave and the particle of light are not simply dual, they are identical....Planck described resonant electromagnetic waves as orderly "homogenous vibrations"..."the energy would have to be completely free to be converted into work." This was Planck's insightful Resonance Hypothesis. Using Planck's incomplete quantum formula however, De Broglie was constrained to working with an energy variable - the product of action and frequency - rather than the fundamental energy quantum. Never-the-less, De Broglie gallantly tried to make sense of the paradox created by the fact that it was "impossible to consider an isolated quantity of energy" and yet "we have returned to statements on energy as fundamental and ceased to question why action plays a large role." https://www.chemteam.info/Electrons/LightEquations1.html states: 

 "There is an important point to make about the unit on Hz. It is NOT commonly written as cycles per second (or cycles/sec), but only as sec¯1 (more correctly, it should be written as s¯1; you need to know both ways). The "cycles" part is deleted, although you may see an occasional problem which uses it."

 The Left Hand of Chaos by Miguel Martinez Iradier states: 

"The same Planck's constant, the quantum of action, is not simply energy per second but an energy per cycle per second - the cycle is generally missing. And, naturally, it can be said the same for the Heisenberg's uncertainty limit, that it is not more than a technical limit of the spectral analysis. This way the frequency, the most purely temporal phenomenon, is emptied of any content and becomes a mere integrant part of the formulas." 

A physics forum question asks:  

"Where ћ/2 is the same as h/4π which is related "reciprocally/inversely" to Planck's Constant (h) which is the "quantum of action" of the surface area of an enclosing sphere... 4πR2. So why this?" 

So let's see how YZ Umul (in Ankara Turkey) deals with his discovery. He uses H-bar (angular Planck's Constant) instead of Planck's Constant and "wave-number" (speed of light squared) and "angular frequency" and so he is able to cancel out Planck's Constant https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/0712/0712.0967.pdf  

Dionysios G Raftopoulos says the problem was Einstein did not take into account the "phase-difference angle between cause and effect." 

 "Thus, in this section of the material's point path, Gravity is repulsive....The fact that speed is a quantum concept, lends in turn a "quantum undertone" to the gravity concept of force...to which it appears inversely proportional....Hence there exists a fundamental texture difference between the closed surface of the sphere and that of the Projective Plane....the Projective Plane is a non-orientable surface....a very good visual representation of a unilateral [non-orientable] surface is provided by the well-known "Moebius Strip."  

Quantum Paradoxes: Quantum Theory for the Perplexed by Yakir Aharonov and Daniel Rohrlich (2005): 

"Why does the color of light change? "only the intensity of the light from a kiln changes with temperature, not the color....If we integrate to obtain the overall energy of the radiation field, we find that the integral diverges...The factor kT [Boltzmann's equipartition average] includes the average of both kinetic and potential energy. These are equal for electromagnetic radiation as they are for harmonic oscillators....Since statistical mechanics and electromagnetism together imply this divergence, statistical mechanics and electromagnetism together contain a contradiction." "So why does the color of light change? We can guess that it changes to avoid the divergence. .. Planck's Law - implies that the color of light changes with temperature." pp. 13-14.

 Professor Shahn Majid: 

"In that sense I would say that the Buddha was inspired by the same thing that inspires mathematics itself... vacuum energy arises as a noncommutative geometry or Planck-scale correction; it is in some sense zero when computed in noncommutative geometry but arises when this is seen as a correction to classical geometry, which would explain why it is so much smaller than what would arise from a quantum correction." THE SELF-REPRESENTING UNIVERSE SHAHN MAJID, 2014, University of 

Oxford Qigong master Sifu Ho Fatt Nam (see: The Art of Chi Kung: Making the Most of Your Vital Energy: (Revised Edition) By Kiew Kit, Wong)" said his senior classmate could walk through walls. 

Also Daoist alchemist master Wang Liping:

  "On more than one occasion, my teacher told us an experience he had with Wang Li Ping in China. He asked about enlightenment and how one really can know if they're enlightened. Sherfu Wang was silent. Suddenly he stood up and left the room, locking the door behind him. A moment later he walked back in the room, passing right through the wall as if it didn't even exist. My teacher's jaw dropped as Sherfu calmly and simply explained that when you are enlightened you are truly one with your environment; not just intellectually or spiritually, but totally." 

  Physics Professor Manfred Euler on the de Broglie Law of Phase Harmony: "Universal coherence" - a "mind boggling outlook." Phase harmony in de Broglie theory relates a local periodic phenomenon (the 'particle clock') to a periodic propagating field in such a way that relativistic invariance is satisfied. If a similar phenomenon in the cell is relevant it should couple the global oscillation pattern locally with periodic (mechanic, electric, biochemical ???) processes. Coherence as consciousness. "Ghost Tones" Manfred Euler is a Professor Emeritus of Physics at the University of Kiel.  

So Noncommutativity is not a "field" from the paper: 

 Do Spins have Direction? Soft Computing volume 21, pages 1483–1504 (2017)

 "Then if microscopic entities are assumed to obey Heisenberg's uncertainty principle (HUP), as we know they do, one is forced to admit that the concept of "microscopic particle" is a self-contradictory one....Therefore, whatever its nature is, it is a non-spatial entity, and if only for this reason it cannot be considered a particle....But a field is also an entity defined in space, possessing specific actual properties in every point of it (like for instance force vectors)."  

Peter Pesic's book, "Music and the Making of Modern Science" has a chapter on how Planck was inspired directly by equal-tempered music tuning to create Planck's Constant. 

“Commutative versus noncommutative lies at the heart of causality itself.” Peter Pesic, Abel's Proof: An essay on the sources and meaning of mathematical unsolvability (M.I.T. Press, 2004), p. 142. 

"Max Planck (a skilled pianist and conductor) experimented with the Eitz harmonium, which divided the octave into 104 steps. Planck then investigated whether skilled choruses would move toward “natural” (Pythagorean) or “tempered” tunings (using irrational numbers). Planck devised musical compositions for choruses to test the issue; to his surprise, convention and habit proved more powerful than “nature.” In the process, Planck had to confront established authorities (especially his mentor Hermann von Helmholtz) and, through by disposition conservative, was forced to question received opinion. The death of Helmholtz and several other colleagues required that Planck turn to investigating the spectrum of blackbody radiation, which involved his treating the atoms of the blackbody as a “chorus” of resonators. As the Eitz harmonium had divided the octave according to a new unit, Planck discovered that his atomic “harmonium” was “tuned” to a new fundamental interval regulated by a quantum whose universality he thought the most important aspect of his new theory. Throughout the book where various sound examples are referenced, please see http://mitpress.mit.edu/musicandmodernscience (please note that the sound examples should be viewed in Chrome or Safari Web browsers).

Juliana Mortenson

 "In reality however, Wien’s conversion procedure actually fixed the time variable at “one second”, and then cancelled out the variable altogether. This made it seem as though the energy density measurements were independent of time. The energy measurements were still quite dependent on time, however, even though time did not appear as a separate variable in Planck’s famous (and incomplete) quantum formula “E = hv”.... Photon energy is calculated using Planck’s incomplete quantum formula, with its fixed time measurement of “one second”. This calculation simply sums the energy of each individual oscillation into a total. The number of oscillations to be summed is determined by the frequency, “v”, which indicates the number of sequential oscillations in “one second”. The photon, rather than being a real physical particle, is an artifact of Planck’s incomplete formula.... In summary then, Planck’s quantum formula was missing the variable for measurement time “tm”, which obscured the nature of his constant as an energy constant, “h”, and also obscured the true elementary particle of light, a single oscillation.... the time period “τ” of the oscillation. Hence it can be seen that the force of a single oscillation of light is: F0 = m0 c / τ [7] Because of the reciprocal relationship between time period and frequency, this can also be written: F0 = m0 c v The force exerted by a single oscillation of light varies with time period and frequency. The shorter the time period over which the energy quantum/rest mass of a single oscillation of light is absorbed, the greater the force that light oscillation will exert on the absorbing mass. Higher frequency oscillations will exert more force, oscillation per oscillation, than lower frequency oscillations. Although the time periods and wavelengths for individual oscillations are infinitely variable, their ratios are constant and identical. Hence, no matter what the wavelength and time period (or frequency) associated with any oscillation of light, the ratio of its wavelength to time period is constant. As a result, the product of an oscillation’s force and distance “λ”, includes the constant and invariant space-time coupling constant, the speed of light, “c”. The relationship for light’s constant oscillation energy of Eq. 11., above, reduces to Planck’s energy constant, “h̃” : E0 = m0 c 2 = h̃ http://exvacuo.free.fr/div/Sciences/Dossiers/QM/Juliana%20Brooks%20Mortenson/Juliana%20Brooks%20Mortenson%20-%20Disappearance%20of%20the%20classical%20limit%20in%20quantized%20classical%20energy%20mechanics.pdf This is another way of stating that "Light is Heavy" as Nobel Physicist Gerard 't Hooft emphasizes with Martin van der Mark - the photon has gravitational mass! https://arxiv.org/pdf/1508.06478.pdf

Electromagnetic radiation carries momentum ~p = ̄h~k and energy E = ̄hω = pc, and it can exert a (radiation) pressure on any object it falls upon. Hence, light has inertia that can be quantified by an inertial mass mi = ̄hk/c. Now, the principle of equivalence tells us that light must also have a gravitational mass mg, and consequently it must be attracted by heavy bodies " The rest mass of the box is not equal to the sum of the rest masses of its contents. The reason that we find Mg = M0 is that we have a closed system with the centre of mass of all the particles at rest." The shorter the wavelength, λ = 2π ̄hc/E, of the photons, the heavier the box" The result is that the bottom seems to have velocity v = at with respect to the top at the moment tdown = t of impact of the “photon”. The Doppler shift of the light can be calculated using the following Lorentz transformations for k and ω in the rest frame to ˆk and ˆω in a frame moving with velocity v: the gravitational mass of light is mg = E/c2." The confusion that sometimes arises can often be traced back to the mix-up between the words “mass” and “matter”. Matter can be transformed into radiation. Matter is taking the role of energy container, radiation is some sort of released, “free” energy, that must fly through space. In the case of light, the rest mass is zero, but the gravitational mass equals the inertial mass, which is identical to the relativistic mass. The “photon” can only be weighed if it is contained in one way or another, so that its centre of mass is fixed (on average). The smaller the length scales, the stronger the forces involved and the higher the (binding) energies, and hence the corresponding masses, relative to the rest masses of the constituents. We could wonder whether this finds it climax at a point where an elementary material particle is build of constituents that have zero rest mass, with only kinetic and potential energy to make up for its mass. That this should be the case for the electron, but at the same time seems quite impossible [3], is well known [4]. What is intriguing is that matter’s most basic building blocks, the elementary particles, all have non-zero spin, intrinsic angular momentum, which seems to imply that they all must have some sort of intrinsic dynamics. Hypothetical structures which do not have internal dynamics, such as point particles and hard spheres, do not exist. So what is matter really made of then? In the Dirac theory, the electron is like electromagnetic energy quivering at light speed, just like a photon in a box [5]. If really so, matter is light.

 Dionysios G Raftopoulos

 

The energy in Planck's proposition and the angular momentum in Bohr's proposition are not fundamental (a priori) concepts this being the reason of why I called their propositions "Military Orders". https://vixra.org/pdf/1605.0167v1.pdf Dionysios G Raftopoulos According to the Classical description, the atom radiation frequency is none other than the trajectory rotation frequency of the electron in the atom, which is given by (1.7.51) We note that the two frequencies coincide when n tends to infinity This was precisely (and continues to be...) the famous Delian Problem: N= The construction of the cube root of 2.... We note that if (1.7.56) is written as:2 n 1nr r , it agrees with (1.7.49) of Bohr's atom model, where the trajectory radiuses in relation to the fundamental (r1) share a ratio of squared integers...Please note that I never promised to explain the origins of Planck's Constant, only the origins of the integers in the theory Planck founded, and this is exactly what I did. The square roots appearing when the independent variable is the radius (space), become cubic roots when the independent variable is the period (time) Such an intelligent* replacement [of Planck's Constant] is: Planck's Constant (h) is nothing more than the measure of the thickness of the "knife’s blade [of light]" that "carves" up the World.  

Fred Alan Wolf (p. 94, Taking the Quantum Leap)  

"The movement of the electron from one orbit to another lower energy orbit was a simple change of notes. As a violin string undergoes such a change, there is a moment when both harmonics can be heard. This results in the well-known experience of harmony, or as wave scientists call it, the phenomenon of beats. ...The light was a beat, a harmony, between the lower and upper harmonics of the Schroedinger-de Broglie waves. When we see atomic light, we are observing an atom singing harmony....They had no medium to wave in, and they had no recognizable form in physical space."

  https://www.academia.edu/25169891/THE_THEORY_OF_THE_HARMONICITY_OF_THE_FIELD_OF_LIGHT  

"Here we have forfeited symmetry. We have however discovered something else: Harmony....I don't believe that Nature is governed by symmetry but rather by Harmony and Harmony is certainly not synonymous with symmetry....In Projective Space you can go from A to B, not in one, but in two ways....the reverse one...via the plane at infinity. Light would precisely follow this reverse path, if we were to move at speeds greater than its own, so that it would always stay "ahead" of us....meaning we "will capture" light coming from spaces we have not yet reached....

 Juliana H. J. Mortenson: 

"Importantly, the experimental data which Planck used (and on which quantum physics was later founded), assumed that the internal energy of the experimental device was composed only of thermal energy and necessarily omitted all resonant work energy (“A”). Twentieth century science was thus founded almost exclusively on thermodynamics, with boundary conditions that virtually excluded consideration of EM work energy and resonance dynamics. 

 https://img1.wsimg.com/blobby/go/e266e5e7-739c-437c-89c3-eed60d3a9f3f/downloads/The%20New%20Physics%20and%20Global%20Sustainability%20Hong.pdf https://forgottenphysics.com/  

"Is the formalism of quantum mechanics complete? Examination of Max Karl Planck's original quantum work suggests the answer is "No".1-3 Retrospective analysis of Planck's foundational quantum derivation suggests that his action constant ("h") is actually the product of an energy constant ("h∼") and a time variable (tm"). Planck's ground-breaking quantum formula, "E = hν" (E is energy and ν is frequency) may more appropriately be denoted as, "E = h∼tmν". The energy constant represents the energy of a single oscillation or wave of electromagnetic (EM) energy, and is constant regardless of frequency, wavelength or photon energy. The time variable (as originally defined by Planck) is the measurement time of the electromagnetic energy. The invariance of the EM energy constant over a change in time or space suggests it represents a universal constant for light. Retrospective evaluation also reveals that Planck inadvertently fixed the EM measurement time (tm) at a value of one (1) second, thereby significantly limiting the time variable's degrees of freedom. Implications appear to be profound for restoring infinite degrees of freedom to the EM measurement time variable. "

  https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AIPC.1508..412M/abstract

 

 If h were the smallest possible amount of energy, then the basic equation showing the energy contained in photons of various frequency would not balance. It would be wrong.

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertainty_principle 

 When the researchers shined a laser on water, pairs of photons that emerged from the liquid at the same time tended to have complementary energies. While one photon had lost a little energy, another had gained the same amount of energy, indicating that they were exchanging quantum vibrations.... it was observed at room temperature,

 The team also showed that the exchanged quantum vibrations were “virtual” — appearing only for fleeting moments

https://www.sciencenews.org/article/photons-are-caught-behaving-superconducting-electrons 

  Massimiliano Sassoli de Bianchi vids playlist

Dr. Ruth E. Kastner:

 a particle of rest mass is associated with an oscillation of frequency = m x speed of light squared/Planck's constant which takes the form of a standing wave of constant phase at all spacetime points for a particle at rest.

The oscillation's transformed properties when viewed from a moving frame...are then taken to be dictated by the a priori structure of spacetime.

But it is claimed here that this depiction of the wave as propagating "in spacetime" is an artifact of our imposition of the spacetime construct on the underlying dynamical object(s), and that the latter should be considered the ontological supports of the construct, rather than the other way around.

a particle with a definite momentum....does not have a definite position....from the particle's point of view it is 'everywhere at once.' Taking this ontology seriously implies that spacetime, and the attendant notion of 'location of a particle' is not fundamental.

Thus spacetime should not be thought of as a substance, but only a way of describing observable effects arising from the existence of finite mass.

 As Taylor states, another way to state this is that the "source clock" (the qigong master) is "running at a faster rate than the observer's clock (typical left-brain dominant reality). Which is to say the difference in time (of internal to external reality) is then equal to the change in wavelength (of external reality to internal reality) - such that the spirit frequency energy equalizes as the same momentum.

https://ecoechoinvasives.blogspot.com/2017/12/the-macroquantum-compton-effect.html 

 Since the binasuan inverts the arm through rotation, it is sometimes given as a macroscopic, physical demonstration of the rotation properties of a spin-½ spinor. As the liquid never spills, the rotation can all occur within the same plane. Upon a rotation of 2π radians, the elbow changes between pointing up and down. Upon a rotation of 4π radians, the palm "doubly covers" the shoulder, and the elbow points in its original direction.

 Dirac Dance vid linked by massimilianosassoli de bianchi

 This is correct only for a so-called "spin one-half entity," like an electron. When you measure the spin of an electron along a given spatial direction, you can only obtain two values: ħ/2 or - ħ/2, where ħ=1.054571817×10−34 J⋅s, is the so-called "reduced Planck constant" (to be pronounced "h-bar"). When you choose a system of units such that you set ħ=1, then these two possible values are simply 1/2 and -1/2. Now, to know "why" these values and not others, this is of course part of the mystery of what a spin is and is still a subject of debate. A consequence of this one-half value is that you need to rotate an electron twice to bring it in the exact same state, in the same way in the Philippine dance called Binasuan the dancers have to rotate their palms holding a glass twice to bring them back to the same position.

 virtual phonons. Koiller and her team wondered: was this true for light as well?

 https://www.nature.com/articles/nature.2017.22868

 They used detectors to examine the emerging photons, searching for pairs that arrived simultaneously, in which one photon had shifted towards red (losing energy) and the other towards blue (gaining energy).

If the arriving pairs were created by virtual phonons, rather than the standard scattering process, the energy shifts of the photons should be too small to come from classically allowed vibrations, so the team applied a filter to let through only this range of energy shifts. They compared the results with the number they saw when both types of energy shifts were allowed.

In both cases, they saw the same rate of photon pairs, suggesting that the pairs had to be created by the virtual process. The signal was tiny: of around 10 quadrillion photons pumped through the material per second, they saw 10 pairs, compared with the 1 pair every 10 seconds that they would have expected to see by chance.

 

"Neither Yes Nor Not-Yes" is the correct answer. Planck's Constant is limited by the Uncertainty Principle of time and frequency for an external measurement since Joules are actually in the symmetric spatial measurement of time as geometric "seconds." So h-bar is "reduced" back to having the seconds included thereby exposing this geometric spatial basis. ħ=1.054571817×10−34 J⋅s, is the so-called "reduced Planck constant" (to be pronounced "h-bar").

So yes Planck's Constant is an average based on wavelength and momentum. The seconds are seemingly "canceled out" in Planck's constant x frequency = Energy but this covers up the fact that time is noncommutative and so the inverse ratio of seconds (canceled out) is not just a symmetric inversion.

Since the momentum originates from velocity as distance this problem goes back to music theory that converted noncommutative nonlocality to a geometric mean average as equal-tempered music tuning. So based on pure time and frequency the different colors of light arise due to "virtual phonons" that are nonlocal. This was proven in a recent experiment. https://www.nature.com/articles/nature.2017.22868

 

"They used detectors to examine the emerging photons, searching for pairs that arrived simultaneously, in which one photon had shifted towards red (losing energy) and the other towards blue (gaining energy). If the arriving pairs were created by virtual phonons, rather than the standard scattering process, the energy shifts of the photons should be too small to come from classically allowed vibrations, so the team applied a filter to let through only this range of energy shifts. They compared the results with the number they saw when both types of energy shifts were allowed. In both cases, they saw the same rate of photon pairs, suggesting that the pairs had to be created by the virtual process. The signal was tiny: of around 10 quadrillion photons pumped through the material per second, they saw 10 pairs, compared with the 1 pair every 10 seconds that they would have expected to see by chance."

We can achieve this in meditation also. So the difference between the blue and red light is mediated by a virtual phonon that is the future guiding the past in pure time and frequency. Normally a "negative frequency" is defined in spatial terms but due to noncommutativity there is a second "loop" in spacetime that is pure time-frequency and thus the true ether. I called this "Sound-current nondualism" in my 2000 University master's thesis. 

 wow - thanks for your clarification! This paper "Photonic Counterparts of Cooper Pairs" shows the virtual phonons that connect the colors of light. This must be due to noncommutativity being nonlocal. That Balinese "Dirac Dance" vid you link below is what I learned in my first year of college from Professor Herbert J. Bernstein teaching quantum physics. I immediately realized this was the same music theory secret I figured out in high school private training - why 2/3 can not be a music frequency in Western music tuning. Math Professor Alain Connes explains in his "Music of Shapes" vid lecture (several versions online) that the truth of music theory is actually noncommutativity with a geometric dimension of zero. This is because the Pythagorean Comma has to be inverted back into the octave scale so the 3 to the (1/19th) as to 2 to the (1/12th) originates from 3 to the (12th) as 2 to the (19th). So he says this is only explained by a quantum noncommutative two-sphere. Then I discovered Eddie Oshins working at Stanford Linear Accelerator Center who coined the term "quantum psychology" based on noncommutativity as the secret of nonwestern meditation! I had already realized the secret of nonwestern meditation was due to this music theory secret - I have a book on this called "Ancient Advanced Acoustic Alchemy" it is free - docdroid or academia edu - and to finish my master's degree I tested out my theory by doing intensive meditation training from Chunyi Lin, qigong grandmaster here in Minnesota (he works with the Mayo Clinic doctors). So then I discovered that ghosts are real and long distance healing is real and precognition is real, etc. He even levitated while in full lotus meditation right after he went outside, finishing his 28 day cave meditation in full lotus meditation with no sleep at Mt. Qingcheng, corroborated the levitation of St. Joseph de Copertino. thanks

 https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/sciadv.abb0260

Light "white" skin color pigmentation is from lack of Vitamin D in the wheat farm diet: DNA science now proves this!

  Light skin color is from Near East/Levant wheat farming and so Western white skin is less than 10,000 years old and is due to wheat farming diet lacking Vitamin D. see "Direct evidence for positive selection of skin, hair, and eye pigmentation in Europeans during the last 5,000 years...In many parts of Europe, the Mesolithic–Neolithic transition is associated with a switch from a vitamin D-rich aquatic or game-based hunter–gatherer diet (44) to a vitamin D-poor agriculturalist diet....the adoption of an agriculturalist diet, and assortative mating may sufficiently explain the observed change from a darker phenotype during the Eneolithic/Early Bronze age to a generally lighter one in modern Eastern Europeans,"...see "The evolution of skin pigmentation-associated variation in West Eurasia " (2021, Proceedings of National Science journal): "Most notably, a large-effect variant at SLC24A5 [light skin] was introduced to Western Europe by migrations of Neolithic farming populations....evidence for selection in West Eurasia occurring during the analyzed time period." DNA science has now proven that white skin is from lack of vitamin D in the wheat farm diet out of the Near East. "As hunter gatherers, our diet was rich in vitamin D (particularly from fish and meat), but after the development of farming practices, grains became a major dietary component, leading to a deficit in vitamin D status. Given the significance of vitamin D in maintaining reproductive efficiency (see later), natural selection will have favored a loss in pigmentation to allow for improved vitamin D photosynthesis in our skin. So the agricultural revolution that first emerged in the Levant may have triggered this out of Africa late onset natural selection of skin depigmentation."

So Europeans originally had dark African-traits and dark skin:

"The team found that the early European was most closely genetically related to people in Sweden and Finland. But while his eyes were blue, his genes reveal that his hair was black or brown and his skin was dark. "This was a result that was unexpected," said Dr Lalueza-Fox. Scientists had thought the first Europeans became fair [skin] soon after they left Africa and moved to the continent about 45,000 years ago. "It is obvious that this is not the case, because this guy has been in Europe for 40,000 years and he still has dark skin." Genetic tests reveal that a hunter-gatherer who lived 7,000 years ago had the unusual combination of dark skin and hair and blue eyes.

"Dr. Reich and his colleagues also tracked changes in the color of European skin. The original hunter-gatherers, descendants of people who had come from Africa, had dark skin as recently as 9,000 years ago. Farmers arriving from Anatolia [Turkey] were lighter [skin color], and this trait spread through Europe. Later, a new gene variant emerged that lightened European skin even more....He hypothesizes that it was the shift to agriculture, which reduced the intake of vitamin D, that may have triggered a change in skin color. "Evidence for this comes from a study by an international team of scientists, published last month in the journal Nature. The team, led by population geneticists Iain Mathieson, David Reich, and colleagues from Harvard Medical School, analyzed the genomes of 230 people from archaeological sites across Europe who lived between 2,300 and 8,000 years ago, and compared them to the genomes of modern Europeans, gleaned from the 1000 Genomes Project."

"The spread of the light-skin genes in the wake of farming, Mathieson, Reich, and colleagues suggest, may have a similar explanation: since the farmers’ diet was less heavy in meat than that of the hunter-gatherers, their vitamin D intake was reduced. Pale skin enabled wheat-eating farmers to combat vitamin deficiency."

"Anders Götherstörm, head of archaeogenetic research at the archaeological research laboratory at Stockholm University, said: 'Our results stress the importance Anatolia [Turkey] has had on Europe's prehistory. 'But to fully understand how the agricultural development proceeded we need to dive deeper down into material from the Levant.' The researchers extracted DNA from human remains found at the site of an ancient settlement in Kumtepe in Troas, northwestern Anatolia, in Turkey. The remains are thought to belong to Neolithic farmers who were among the first inhabitants of the settlement, which eventually gave rise to the city of Troy. The team behind the study compared the DNA with genetic material from other ancient farmers in Europe along with DNA from modern Europeans. Ayca Omrak, who was the first author of the research at Stockholm University, said: 'I have never worked with a more complicated material. 'I could use the DNA from the Kumptepe material to trace the European farmers back to Anatolia. 'It is also fun to have worked with this material from the Kumtepe site, as this is the precursor to Troy.'

A separate study recently found that a rise in farming and metal work in Ireland led to a 'genetic shift' in the region, fueled by an influx of people from the Black Sea and the Middle East. Genes responsible for lighter skin in northern populations were also far less prevalent in prehistoric Europeans. However, it appears the early farmers from Anatolia who migrated into Europe in the Neolithic period also carried some genes for lighter skin color with them. Those Neolithic farmers mostly had light skin and dark eyes — the opposite of many of the hunter-gatherers with whom they now lived side by side. “They looked different, spoke different languages … had different diets,” says Hartwick College archaeologist David Anthony. “For the most part, they stayed separate.”

"The SLC24A5 gene is important in regulation of melanogenesis and hence an important loci in determining skin pigmentation phenotype. It has a large-effect variant that was introduced into Western Europe via migrating Neolithic farming populations, and continued to be under selection post-admixture (Ju & Mathieson, 2021). Although the SLC24A5 light skin allele is now almost fixed in Europe, it is interestingly also associated with a lighter skin phototype in Africans, achieving high frequencies in Afro-Asiatic groups in East Africa (28%–50%),...However, as alluded to earlier, considerable genetic/evolutionary evidence links depigmentation to the expansion of agriculture and hence loss of vitamin D that would otherwise have been supplied by hunter-gatherers (Ju & Mathieson, 2021; Wilde et al., 2014).

Professor Jean Bricmont's new book on Statistical Mechanics and the Equilibrium Principle! No Noncommutativity?

 no mention of entropy and the ecological crisis? Sir Roger Penrose points out that gravitational entropy is the opposite of the entropy of matter and as Penrose points out since mass originates from quantum frequency, and the origin of life is from negative entropy, therefore the ecological crisis is due to the increase of gravitational entropy from science trying to decrease the entropy of matter.

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-91794-4_8 

 Regarding the unequilibrium that goes against Born's Rule see Fields Medal math professor Alain Connes lecture to physicists: Alain Connes - Temps et aléa du quantique on the channel Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques (IHÉS) uploaded Apr 14, 2015 - Professor Basil J. Hiley explains that the truth of Bohmian physics is noncommutativity just as Connes also explains. Professor Hiley is working on a new paper based on this Connes talk. thanks

 He gives an excellent easy explanation of why the Stern-Gerlach experiment is nonlocal! As Professor Basil J. Hiley states, "we will see that the cause of these [nonlocal spin] behaviours is a torque produced by the quantum potential....These results give a detailed picture of the expected evolution of a non-relativistic atom with spin one-half as it goes through both SG magnets."

 

 

How JFK assassination conspiracy was finally solved: Ralph Ganis & H.P. ...

AMERICAN TROTSKYISM AND THE MINNESOTA FARMER-LABOR PARTY FROM ORIGINS TO 1936

 https://scholarworks.calstate.edu/downloads/9k41zg03k?locale=en

 Against Leninist vanguardism - Minnesota socialist antiwork labor organizer Earl Balfour talk - 2nd half

I used to have plenty of discussions with Earl.

 

IPCC ar6 three working group full reports are a joke! No citing Steinbac...

the New IPCC report (no ESAS mention) does NOT even emphasize Daniel Rosenfeld's research on the Aerosol Masking Effect being twice as bad!

 The IPCC ar6 is still lacking any discussion of the East Siberian Arctic Shelf gigaton pressurized methane that has high potential of abrupt eruption, doubling global warming. Instead ar6 claims methane emissions can be reduced to offset the increased temperature from reducing the Aerosol Masking Effect. It's pretty ridiculous considering ESAS methane emissions is already accelerating. thanks

 2409 pages downloaded. (group 1) OK yes they do cite Rosenfeld's Aerosol research. "this is uncertain since observations suggest that models may overestimate (Malavelle et al., 2017; Toll et al., 2017) or underestimate (Rosenfeld et al., 2019) the aerosol cloud-mediated cooling effects." So the report appears to "wash out" his results! He's cited about 25 times but the 2019 research is only cited once in that quote. Wait I found 2019 Rosenfeld cited another time. "Rosenfeld et al. (2019) still obtained a positive relationship between cloud fraction and Nd relationship." Not much discussion really. "while Rosenfeld et al. (2019) obtained a modest positive relationship" third citation! Rosenfeld, D. et al., 2019: Aerosol-driven droplet concentrations dominate coverage and water of oceanic low-level clouds. Science, 363(6427), eaav0566,

you think the political screening as a "consensus" report called the IPCC is better than peer-reviewed science journals? The Oceans already have over 250 Zettajoules of heat from abrupt global warming. Jennifer MacKinnon of Scripps Institute just led a research expedition to the Arctic, documenting "Heat bomzbzs" melting the ice from underneath. She says they're could be a BOE less than 1 million sq. kilometers of ice this September. The Albedo effect is already reducing. I just downloaded the FULL IPCC AR6 report (group III) that you keep raving about. I just word searched "aerosol" and out of 1991 pages of report "aerosol" is only mentioned 106 times!! Let's see what it says. On page 159 the report says the Aerosol Masking Effect is "of similar magnitude to warming from methane at present." Yeah that's not including the ESAS methane bomzbz. Wow I just finished the 106 word search and there is NOTHING in detail about the Aerosol Masking Effect ! I'm really shocked. Now I will search Rosenfeld to see if he is at least cited. Nope - he is not even cited. The report cites a DC Rosenfeld on alternative fuels but no Daniel Rosenfeld on aerosol masking effect. We need to rethink everything we know about global warming Jan 20, 2019 — Daniel Rosenfeld argues that the degree to which aerosol particles cool the earth has been grossly underestimated. We need to rethink everything we know about global warming Jan 22, 2019 — And, they discovered that aerosols' cooling effect is nearly twice higher than previously thought. However, if this is true then how come ..." So the IPCC can not even include this information? What a total joke - worse than that - it's fraudulent science. 

  OK now I just downloaded the 3068 pages of AR6 wg2 - (Group II) and again no real discussion of aerosol masking effect with NO citation of Daniel Rosenfeld's aerosol masking effect research! 

 The Summary For Policy Makers of AR6 WG1 Section A4 - there is no Section A4. do you have a page number? I just searched Aerosol for this summary report and the word Aerosol is not even mentioned!

 No Mention of Natalia Shakhova is any of the "three" working group full reports. I searched Shakhova. Nadda. Zilch. Nothing.

appear to be stable? NONE of the "full reports" of the IPCC even cite Shakhova's research on ESAS. You realize just how bonkers that is? "Second, the finding that methane is released from a large pool of preformed methane, as opposed to methane from slow decomposition of thawing subsea permafrost organic matter, suggests that these releases may be more eruptive in nature, which provides a larger potential for abrupt future releases." citing Shakhova, 2019: Understanding the Permafrost–Hydrate System and Associated Methane Releases in the East Siberian Arctic Shelf and then Thornton tries to dismiss the whole thing. I'm sure Thornton is cited in the IPCC reports but not Shakhova. Classic.

 Julia Steinbach is not cited either! she is the source of the above quote on methane in ESAS...

Nope - not in "full report II" either.

just searched all three "full reports" of the IPPC ar6 and NO mention of Natalia Shakhova's research on the East Siberian Arctic Shelf methane burst that will soon double global warming. Hilarious. The Daniel Rosenfeld 2019 aerosol masking research that shows it's twice as bad as previously thought is also dismissed as equivocal. Hilarious!

 No mention of Steinbach 2021 that cites Shakhova - in any of the three "full reports" of IPCC ar6 - again a total joke. Also Daniel Rosenfeld's 2019 aerosol masking research group that showed a twice effect was dismissed as equivocal - stating well some research showed that it's less and so they balance out. Really? James E. Hansen is already documenting a big temperature increase from aerosol masking effect. The IPCC is claiming the methane heating is equivalent to aerosol masking and so decreasing methane will balance out aerosol masking - without mentioning ESAS! Hilarious!

 

 

New Quantum Gravity Sensors at 10 hertz frequency: Tim Kovachy, et. al. quantum metamaterial levitation

 MAGIS-100 is a next-generation quantum sensor under construction at Fermilab that aims to explore fundamental physics with atom interferometry over a 100 m baseline. This novel detector will search for ultralight dark matter, test quantum mechanics in new regimes, and serve as a technology pathfinder for future gravitational wave detectors in a previously unexplored frequency band. It combines techniques demonstrated in state-of-the-art 10-meter-scale atom interferometers with the latest technological advances of the world's best atomic clocks. MAGIS-100 will provide a development platform for a future kilometer-scale detector that would be sufficiently sensitive to detect gravitational waves from known sources. "Taking atom interferometric quantum sensors from the laboratory to real-world applications: ultraprecise quantum sensors in metrology, geophysics, space, civil engineering, oil and minerals exploration, and navigation. ....With a correlated array of atom interferometers, it is possible to discriminate between gravitational-wave signals at low frequencies in the range of 0.1–10 Hz and Newtonian gravitational noise from the environment, which allows a frequency band not covered by other gravitational-wave detectors to be addressed....Operating atomic sensors in space brings the possibility to reach long interrogation times, large interferometer areas and, ultimately, very high precision. Motivated by this scaling, we have realized atom interferometers that cover macroscopic scales in space (tens of centimeters) and in time (multiple seconds). I will present experimental results from the implementation of these large area interferometers as high-precision gravitational sensors. Subsequently, I will discuss a new experimental effort to use such gravitational sensors to look for new particles beyond the standard model, including light moduli associated with the compactified extra dimensions that arise in string theory, by searching for deviations from the gravitational inverse square law with improved sensitivity at the length scale of 10 cm to 1 m. This experiment could also provide a new measurement of Newton’s gravitational constant. In addition, large area atom interferometers using atom optics based on single-photon transitions on the clock transition of strontium have the potential to be excellent gravitational wave detectors in the frequency band from 300 mHz to 3 Hz, " Tim Kovachy et. al. 

https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/10934/1093420/Large-area-atom-interferometers-for-gravitational-sensing-and-fundamental-physics/10.1117/12.2511763.short?SSO=1 

 https://trs.jpl.nasa.gov/bitstream/handle/2014/55782/CL%2321-4265.pdf?sequence=1

 Casimir nanoparticle levitation in vacuum with broadband perfect magnetic conductor metamaterials Adrian E. Rubio Lopez1, ∗ and Vincenzo Giannini

 Quantum levitation using metamaterials by Venkatesh K. Pappakrishnan 2014 Ph.D. thesis Louisiana Tech University

 

 

Open Range Goat Herder: My future job/life plan as per Dept. of Labor CFR variance Title 20 § 655.235!

In the high deserts and mountains of the West, men like Mr. Mendoza dwell in tents and tiny campers for months on end, without running water, toilets or other basic conveniences...

As in previous years, Mr. Mendoza ventured out in the spring to climb the mountains, making several stops in pastures where his bosses had federal permits for the flock to graze.

He lived in a white canvas tent much of the time, and last month reached the high-alpine basin where Mr. Inda had delivered the tin-sided trailer, near Engineer Pass, about 100 miles from where Mr. Mendoza began.

. yes but you don't HAVE to be a foreigner to legally live in such conditions!

Attends sheep and/or goat flock grazing on range or pasture: Herds flock and rounds up
strays using trained dogs. Beds down flock near evening campsite. ...Tents may be used where terrain and/or land regulations do not permit use of other more substantial mobile housing which provides facilities and protection closer in conformance with the Department's intent.

Contents of Job Offers to U.S. and Foreign Workers 

See it says U.S. workers - not just foreign workers!!

The last time I looked, the pay in most states was $750 a month plus room and board. "Room" was often a tent

 hmm. 24 hours on call, 7 days a week - what's that hourly wage? haha.

So I guess the Herder Employers are still challenging this in court?!

A job Americans won't do? In the list of jobs immigrants perform that no U.S. citizen wants, sheepherding must rank near the top.

 I want to do it but I'll just have one pet goat Nanny for milk!

So now there's 2000 herders or so of sheep and goats in the U.S.

The herders in most states make $1,807.23 a month, the minimum salary stipulated by the Labor Department based on a 48-hour workweek.

 The Department established similar variances or “special procedures” through sub-regulatory guidance in 2007...open range herding or production of livestock positions

The 2015 Rule, codified at §§ 655.200 through 655.235, continued the agency's recognition of the unique occupational characteristics of herding positions, which involve spending extended periods of time herding animals across remote range lands and being on call to protect and maintain herds for up to 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.

deposit charge, (1) either three sufficient meals a day, or free and convenient cooking facilities and adequate provision of food to enable the worker to prepare his own meals. To be sufficient or adequate, the meals or food provided must include a daily source of protein, vitamins,

the use of tents to house workers on the range and how the particular requirements set forth in §§ 655.230 and 655.235 apply to tents. For added clarity, we have revised the regulatory text to specify that tents are structures covered by these sections.

The Final Rule provides a limited exception for situations where terrain prevents the delivery of supplies by motorized vehicle. In those circumstances, an employer must identify alternative sources of water, such as springs, streams, or snow, that may be used by workers, and provide the workers the means to test and, by filtering, chemical purification or other methods, to easily render the water potable.

Because of the transient nature of the work—going where the herd goes, often in remote areas at some distance from the employer’s ranch or farm—Tents and other shelters were also used for this purpose, typically where there was no practical alternative given limited  accessibility by vehicle because of remoteness and terrain.

 https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2015-10-16/pdf/2015-26252.pdf

Range is defined as "land that is not cultivated"

also typically land that is "not suitable to be cultivated"

https://www.casemine.com/judgement/us/5914c6e1add7b049347de672

"in sleeping bags at night"

https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-20/chapter-V/part-655/subpart-B/section-655.235

Tents appropriate to weather conditions may be used only where the terrain and/or land use regulations do not permit the use of other more substantial housing.

 https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-20/chapter-V/part-655/subpart-B/section-655.230

  In most instances, the housing, which is defined to include tents, moves along with the worker and the herd to the next grazing location. The housing standards, although providing general requirements regarding their physical structure and inspection (see also § 655.230), also specify requirements relating to the provision of facilities (e.g., for sleeping, heating, and cooking) and services (e.g, water supply and refuse disposal). These standards are often flexible; a particular standard typically allows an employer to select from various options and to make adjustments for particular location, terrain, and other circumstances.

 National Wool Act 1954

The Code of Federal Regulations, Department of Labor section, Title 20: Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission, §(Section) 655.235

An employer employing workers under this section and §§ 655.200 through 655.230 may use a mobile unit, camper, or other similar mobile housing vehicle, tents, and remotely located stationary structures along herding trails, which meet the following standards:

 

Jennifer MacKinnon, Scripps Institute Ocean Arctic Expedition: Heat Bomb...

Life on Earth vs. the Arctic: BOE this September! No arctic ice 1st time...

Peter Wadhams thinks BOE, Blue Ocean Event, No Ice will be Sept, 2023, f...

Imminent Blue Ocean Event will double global warming: Peter Wadhams Arctic Ice expert on Heat Bombs

 we find the Arctic Ocean will become sea-ice free throughout August and September for an additional 800±300 Gt of CO2 emissions, while it becomes ice free from July to October for an additional 1400±300 Gt [gigatons] of CO2 emissions.”

https://glennfay.medium.com/the-blue-ocean-event-will-be-a-tipping-point-for-our-climate-42c05898862c 

 citing https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aade56/pdf

 a supercomputer can not model the ecology of the equatorial rainforest. Mother Nature is way more complicated than physics information via computers. This is Nobel PHysicist Brian Josephson's emphasis as well as Nobel Physicist Roger Penrose. I think they are correct. Of course the ecologists agree but they are ignored - you can't eat money so there's no money in ecology. haha. Peter Wadhams shared his office with Stephen Hawking at Cambridge and Peter Wadhams says he thinks the Arctic will be ice free in September in a year - and in a few years this will double global warming. Megadroughts will spread since the interior of the continents are five degrees warmer than global average. Growing food at scale won't be possible. The Aerosol Masking Effect means that 50% increase in temperature will be from renewable energy shutting down coal plants as James E. Hansen emphasizes. AI knows nothing about this. Pretty hilarious.

 

 

 

Denisovans were the last Hominins to live on Earth besides modern humans (maybe just 15,000 years ago)

 https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/enigmatic-human-relative-outlived-neanderthals

https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(19)30218-1?_returnURL=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0092867419302181?showall=true 

 modern Papuans carry hundreds of gene variants from two deeply divergent Denisovan lineages that separated over 350 thousand years ago. Spatial and temporal structure among these lineages suggest that introgression from one of these Denisovan groups predominantly took place east of the Wallace line and continued until near the end of the Pleistocene. A third Denisovan lineage occurs in modern East Asians. This regional mosaic suggests considerable complexity in archaic contact, with modern humans interbreeding with multiple Denisovan groups that were geographically isolated from each other over deep evolutionary time.

fascinating!

 

 

  people in Papua New Guinea and other parts of Melanesia, a subregion of the southwest Pacific Ocean, inherited up to 5% of their DNA from Denisovans,

 https://www.science.org/content/article/mysterious-ancient-humans-may-have-given-people-papua-new-guinea-immune-advantage

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

My 1998 Op-Ed against the expansion of NATO and the Peace Dividend scam via University military research

 I never liked the Tolkien novels nor the movies - just seemed to boring to me. I wrote an op-ed for the University of Minnesota newspaper, in 1998 - on how the "peace dividend" never happened after the collapse of the Soviet Union. I agree with Chomsky and others that the NeoCons and NeoLiberals - the US military had to keep expanding. Dr. Helen Caldicott calls this Missile Envy. I realize people need to defend their homelands and I am all in for supporting Ukraine - with its ancient history. It's tragic that our modern mindset is deeply attached to a hierarchical war social organization - tied to literacy, written language, right-hand dominant tool use. We humans lived without war for our first 90% of our biological life as hunter-gatherers as Professor R. Brian Ferguson has documented. We are part of a much larger universal love dynamic that I think is a secret core of our religions and so - hopefully there can be some kind of negotiations eventually. The US military contractor CEOs make $300 million a year! The FED needs to burn off their excess dollars into a tax financed war machine. I realize that Poohtin is evil with his $75,000 gold toilet on his private jet, as Bill Browder has details the Pooh-tin mafia war machine. It's too bad people in the U.S. don't use their freedom to be more preventative about escalating military spending.  

 https://mndaily.com/229821/uncategorized/military-keeps-playing-big-toys/

Military keeps playing with big toys Published May 14, 1998  

With Mother’s Day as its focus, this past week has been an ode to anti-militarism in the Midwest. I have been quoted in The Minnesota Daily as one of three University students to conduct civil disobedience at Alliant-Tech, a Hopkins-based conglomerate peddling $1.3 billion per year in tax-funded killing machines. On Mother’s Day, I also joined 50 other people in an annual demonstration at Project Extremely Low Frequence (ELF). ELF is the Northern Wisconsin-based electromagnetic “first strike” trigger system for one half of the U.S. nuclear weapons force. As a result of this demonstration, I have been charged with trespassing, which carries a five-year suspension of my driver’s license as its penalty. Here in the United States and specifically the Twin Cities, we are in “the belly of the beast,” and nonviolent direct action is the only means of confronting the corporate-military’s escalating addiction to world annihilation. Fellow students must recognize that the University and other centers of higher learning play critical roles in promoting war-mongering. 

For example, only a handful of contractors receive more military research funds than the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and John Hopkins University. Why does the University research how to better disseminate chemical weapons at high-mach, high altitudes? New techniques for missile design analysis, stronger tank and weapon materials and the development of an aggressive tailless fighter jet are just a few of the other underground “higher education” projects at the University. In fact, with the University receiving $17 million in Department of Defense funds for 1997 (up from $11 million in 1993), it seems that the post-Cold War peace dividends are delayed at best. The research contracts on campus reveal that nano-technology, or “the mechanizing of the molecular level,” is a dominant interest at the University. Computers are taking on a crucial role in designing a brave new world of fabricated nano-structures that will display two-way memory effects in nano-magnetic devices.  

The broad military implications start with machine-to-machine air traffic control and end with cellular automata used for self-propagating molecular robotics, brain implants and other man-machine surveillance devices. The grand achievement exposed on campus is geared towards a “NATO neural network” emphasizing how the University is contributing to the most bloated and destructive system in the world. The federal Office of Management and Budget states that the military is only 17 percent of the national budget, but several factors are obfuscated by this misleading figure. The correct percentage hovers around 50 percent. During the Vietnam War, when the government created the so-called “Unified Budget,” which includes unallocatable trust funds — social security is not part of the dispensable congressional budget — the military percentage instantly shrank. Retired generals and admirals at the Center for Defense Information also point out that military spending was hidden in non-military portions of the budget. For instance, here at the University further military research is most likely being funded by NASA, the Department of Energy and the National Science Foundation. Very significantly, the 17 percent federal figure does not include past military spending costs, i.e. the cost of veterans benefits and the 80 percent of the interest on the national debt that is from military spending — thank you, Ronald Reagan. Since the combined military budgets of Iraq, Iran, Libya, North Korea, Syria, Cuba, Russia and China are still less than half of the United State’s official 17 percent figure, obviously “defense” is not our defining military role. 

Among the world’s recent major conflicts, 90 percent involved one or more parties receiving U.S. weapons or military technology prior to the outbreak of war. Recently, the U.S. share of world arms exports has increased by 50 percent and the United States now supplies more than 60 percent of the world’s military weapons, with half of the cost funded by U.S. taxpayers. The government has consistently ignored recommendations by the Congressional Budget Office that suggested cutting the incompetent B-2 stealth bomber, the F-22 jet, the Trident II D-5 nuclear missile and Star Wars. President Clinton just last fall ended a 20-year ban on advanced weapons sales to Latin America. Now Lockhead-Martin, which has operations in the Twin Cities, can sell F-16s to be used against democracy movements in our hemisphere. Recent military scandals include training death squads for use against grass roots democracy in Indonesia, Columbia and Mexico coupled with the approval of bio-weapon testing within U.S. cities. The addition of 13 more countries to NATO promises the further exportation of military jobs along with corporate welfare costs estimated at $250 billion. Even though the Twin Cities receives hundred of millions of dollars per year in military projects — 500 pages list just 1993 contracts — downsizing, increased profits and further environmental superfund sites are definitive of military spending. Ironically, federal corporate arms export subsidies equal the total amount of subsidies cut from federal social service programs.  

These unabashed acts of greedy, bloody U.S. militarism are not surprising considering that in 1994 Congress passed a law enabling the Department of Defense, or any of its contractors, to test biological weapons in any U.S. city, provided that they give a city official 30 days notice. Currently, the Pentagon, at the behest of the military industry, is requesting a waiver of the anti-personnel land mine moratorium, even though 124 nations have already signed the international mine ban treaty. Furthermore, the United States, like India, is hypocritically in the process of conducting six underground nuclear tests, in direct violation of the International Test Ban Treaty. Direct global democracy inspires hope, though, as the protests of French nuclear testing proved, as well as Alliant Tech land mine production and Project ELF recently being judged illegal by international law. Students at the University, which has $110,000 invested with Alliant Tech, have a duty to rise up and take action against our rogue state. 

Under the 1996 Solomon Amendment, if military recruitment is cancelled on campus, all federal funding for the University would be stopped. Just as the United States-funded military regime of Indonesia is now shut down by students, we here need to take similar measures. Conversion to an efficient, productive and sustainable society is the clear choice in the face of our behemoth killer monster. Students should demand an end to the profit-driven U.S. war machine. Only by converting the military will a sustainable society be achieved.  

Drew Hempel is a University College graduate student pursuing a Master of Liberal Studies.