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Subsequently, we analyzed ancient cannabis (dating to 790–520 BCE; fig. S1) from the Jiayi Cemetery, Turpan ....cannabis plants were intentionally burned by laying hot stones in the braziers.
https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/6/eaaw1391
Phytochemical and genetic analyses of ancient ... - NCBI - NIH
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › articles › PMC2639026
by EB Russo · 2008 · Cited by 183 — The Yanghai Tombs near Turpan, Xinjiang-Uighur Autonomous Region, China have recently been excavated to reveal the 2700-year-old grave of a Caucasoid shaman whose accoutrements included a large cache of cannabis, superbly preserved by climatic and burial conditions.
A 2,700-year-old grave discovered in 2008 at the Yanghai Tombs, an ancient cemetery (54,000 m2 in area), has been attributed to the Jushi or a precursor culture. The grave contains the remains of a shaman who had blue eyes and light-coloured hair.[4]
Near the shaman's head and foot were a large leather basket and wooden bowl filled with 789 grams of dried cannabis, superbly preserved by climatic and burial conditions. An international team demonstrated that this material contained tetrahydrocannabinol, the psychoactive component of cannabis. The cannabis was clearly "cultivated for psychoactive purposes," rather than as fibre for clothing or as food.[5] It may have been employed as a medicinal agent, or an aid to divination. This is the oldest known use of cannabis as a pharmacological agent.[5] The extremely dry conditions and alkaline soil acted as preservatives, allowing a team of scientists to carefully analyze the stash, which still looked green though it had lost its distinctive odour.
During the 1st millennium before the Common Era (BCE), nomadic tribes associated with the Iron Age Scythian culture spread over the Eurasian Steppe, covering a territory of more than 3,500 km in breadth. To understand the demographic processes behind the spread of the Scythian culture, we analysed genomic data from eight individuals and a mitochondrial dataset of 96 individuals originating in eastern and western parts of the Eurasian Steppe. Genomic inference reveals that Scythians in the east and the west of the steppe zone can best be described as a mixture of Yamnaya-related ancestry and an East Asian component. Demographic modelling suggests independent origins for eastern and western groups with ongoing gene-flow between them, plausibly explaining the striking uniformity of their material culture. We also find evidence that significant gene-flow from east to west Eurasia must have occurred early during the Iron Age.
“The Chinese pharmacopeia Rh-Ya, compiled in the 15th century B.C. contains the earliest reference to Cannabis for shamanistic purposes” (Langenheim, 2003).
Two limestone monoliths, interpreted as altars, were found in the
Judahite shrine at Tel Arad. Unidentified dark material preserved on
their upper surfaces was submitted for organic residue analysis at two
unrelated laboratories that used similar established extraction methods.
On the smaller altar, residues of cannabinoids such as Δ9-teterahydrocannabinol
(THC), cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabinol (CBN) were detected, along with
an assortment of terpenes and terpenoids, suggesting that cannabis
inflorescences had been burnt on it. Organic residues attributed to
animal dung were also found, suggesting that the cannabis resin had been
mixed with dung to enable mild heating. The larger altar contained an
assemblage of indicative triterpenes such as boswellic acid and
norursatriene, which derives from frankincense. The additional presence
of animal fat―in related compounds such as testosterone, androstene and
cholesterol―suggests that resin was mixed with it to facilitate
evaporation. These well-preserved residues shed new light on the use of
8th century Arad altars and on incense offerings in Judah during the
Iron Age.
In 1963, two limestone altars were found at the entrance to the "Holy of Holies" of a Judahite shrine at Beersheba Valley, in Israel's Tel Arad, an archaeological mound located west of the Dead Sea and surrounded by mountain ridges known as the Arad Plain. The site is divided into a lower city and an upper hill. Inside the site, there is a shrine devoted to Yahweh, the Hebrew name of God used in the Bible. Analysis of the materials on two altars, now housed in the Israel Museum, Jerusalem, found they contained cannabis and frankincense, according to a study published Thursday in the journal Tel Aviv.
Chris Bennett:
another talk: 2003
The Invention of Judaism: Torah and Jewish Identity from Deuteronomy to Paul. By John J. Collins
The Invention of Judaism: Torah and Jewish Identity from Deuteronomy to Paul.
By
. Pp. ix + 319. (Taubman Lectures in Jewish Studies, 7.)
Oakland
:
University of California Press
,
2017
.
isbn 978 0 52029412 7. Paper, $29.95.
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