the lack of Quantum Non-locality or Tunnelling as the secret of aging and disease: New Quantum biology research

 The hypothesis to be presented in this paper is that NDD’s, and perhaps aging itself, arise as a consequence of living (and depending) on an atmosphere enriched in molecular oxygen, such that progressive oxidative damage occurs to neural energy transformation systems and “quantum neurobiology” [20], [21], resulting in impaired quantum tunneling of electrons through the electron transport proteins, especially Complex I. Formation of reactive oxygen species (superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide) may also utilize quantum processes [22], and oxidative stress is predicted to disrupt iron-sulfur complexes [15] on which electron tunneling depends. The pragmatic result is that the passage of electrons and translocation of protons (both of which are quantum particles) becomes increasingly impaired, resulting in slowing of restoration of proton gradients essential for synthesis of high-energy phosphate compounds, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a universal energy currency in eukaryotic cells. This concept is presented visually in Fig. 1.

 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306987719300076

  As barrier thickness decreases, probability of electrons “tunneling” through energy barrier increases, shown by increasing number of electrons that tunnel through the barrier. (

 Absorption of photons by bacterio-rhodopsin resulted in proton pumping,... that has changed very little over >3 billion years of evolution.

 Due to its having two unpaired electrons in π-antibonding electron orbitals, as described by quantum molecular orbital theory, molecular oxygen is both paramagnetic and highly electrophilic. The resulting charged anion species following acquisition of a single electron, called ”superoxide”, could be changed into damaging derivatives and contribute to oxidative stress. Protection from this undesirable property of molecular oxygen resulted in both the appearance of hundreds of organic compounds that could protect plant components from such “oxidation” (thus, the presence of multiple anti-oxidants in plants and their fruits), and possibly led to an intracellular organelle (the mitochondrion) by ultimately successful experiments of endosymbiosis.

 These invading bacteria had experience handling oxygen, typically using large iron- and copper-containing proteins that allowed regulated electron flow to reducing molecules, including molecular oxygen, making other molecules with chemical potential energy along the way. Modern-day mitochondria have changed very little from their distant relatives, and one of their major roles (but definitely NOT their only role) is to transform chemical energy into regulated electron flow, and back into a different chemical energy molecule (usually ATP) [28], [29], [30]. Thus, mitochondria do not technically make energy, rather they engage in energy transformation.

 ....

Thus, electrons flow through iron- and copper-containing proteins in mitochondrial “electron transport chains” by using quantum tunneling to lessen resistance and increase the rates of electron flow. The energetics (thermodynamics) of electron flow are not changed, rather there is a net lowering of the “activation energy” barriers to electron flow, with a resulting increase in rates of electron flow, greater rate of proton pumping, yielding more ATP generation.

The problem with this system, as beautiful conceptually as it is, is that it is not perfect and “rusts” (oxidizes) over time.

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increasing oxidative damage to critical proteins in mitochondrial electron transport systems, leading to reduced electron tunneling, slower rates of electron flow and proton pumping, greater rates of formation of oxygen free radicals from electron leakage, leading to more damage to proteins critical for electron tunneling, etc.

 What is new in the present hypothesis is the designation of decline in electron tunneling in Complex I as a specific pathogenic event that is responsible for the increase in overall oxidative stress, mitochondrial oxidative-phosphorylation decline and subsequent energy deficiencies of aging and NDD.

 right - the Yuan Qi degrades... of the individual spirit - even though Yuan Qi is also the source of reality!!

the process of “thinking”, and managing complex movement, induces “stress” in the neuronal system and is therefore in itself part of maintaining cognitive health and reserve throughout life.

WOW - EXERCISING THE BRAIN!!