- The Izbet Sartah Ostracon (~1100 BCE): A broken piece of pottery discovered near Rosh HaAyin. It features an ancient student practicing their letters. As noted by researchers from the Aleph Tav Project via Instagram, “Scratched across its surface were five lines of Proto-Canaanite script, including what looks like a full run through the alphabet in order...” [1]
- The Mount Ebal Lead Tablet (~1400–1200 BCE): Discovered by wet sifting old excavation piles, this tiny, folded lead amulet contains a proto-Hebrew curse inscription incised on the inside layer. [1, 2]
- Gibeon Jar Handles (~6th Century BCE): Everyday wine jar handles on which ancient winegrowers scratched their names and locations to mark ownership before shipping. [1]
- Tomb and Cave Graffiti: More than half of the minor Hebrew inscriptions found by archaeologists include names scratched onto pots or couplets scribbled onto the stone walls of family tombs near Hebron and Jerusalem. [1]
| Phase | Time Period | Material & Style |
|---|---|---|
| Proto-Sinaitic / Proto-Canaanite | ~1800–1200 BCE | Pictographic shapes scratched on stone walls by miners and workers. |
| Paleo-Hebrew | ~1200–586 BCE | Standardized, angular script carved on seals, pottery, and monuments like the Siloam Inscription. |
| Aramaic / Square Script | ~500 BCE–Present | Geometric, abstract block characters adopted after the Babylonian Exile. |
ROM PROTO-HEBREW TO MISHNAIC HEBREW: THE HISTORY OF '1- AND rt-
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This Jerusalem Proto-Canaanite inscription precedes the development of the Paleo-Hebrew script, which was used by the Israelites until the Babylonians destroyed the First Temple in 586 B.C.E.
When the Judean exiles returned from Babylon, they brought back the square Aramaic script, which ultimately replaced the Paleo-Hebrew script. Both the Paleo-Hebrew and the square Aramaic scripts, however, were used together for hundreds of years.
Proto-Canaanite Jerusalem inscription dates to a time before the direction of letters (whether they were read right to left or left to right) had been firmly determined and before a distinction between Hebrew, Aramaic and Phoenician had been established. Eilat Mazar has tentatively dated the wall in which the inscribed jar was found to the 10th century B.C.E.
First Temple period clay potsherds bearing inscriptions. During the First Temple period (c. 1000 to 586 B.C.E., when the Babylonians destroyed Jerusalem and razed the Temple), the Israelites often kept administrative and military records by writing on broken pottery pieces—known as ostraca—with ink. The Paleo-Hebrew script was used by the Israelites during this time.
https://alephtavproject.com/stone-to-script
likely developed by Semitic-speaking workers influenced by Egyptian hieroglyphics. These simple pictographs worked on a clever principle: the picture of an ox head made the “ah” sound because the word for ox (“aleph”) started with that sound. Each letter was named after the picture it resembled, and the first sound of that name became the letter’s sound. Linguists call this principle “acrophony” (a fancy way of saying “the picture’s name gives you the sound”).
The Dead Sea Scrolls provide fascinating evidence of this transition: some scrolls use the older Paleo-Hebrew specifically when writing the divine name YHWH, as if the scribes felt the ancient letters were more fitting for God’s name.
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