the bubble wall velocity exceeds the speed of sound of the gas inside the bubble... the rapidly moving interface between water and gas converts virtual photons into real photons.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42752
occurrence of pressure-induced nuclear reactions is inferred while the cavities are suggested to act as nuclear micro-reactors....the presence of new elements within the cratered damage zones on the ferrite surface can be attributed to the catastrophic collapse of the subsurface pore walls resulting from microexplosions....which correspond to the emission of aperiodic intense beams having a very short life-span and different
chronological structure rather than continuous emissions of particles...the “energy speed”, or better to the energy density in time, whereby it is possible to break Lorentz
invariance. This constraint has been verified in preceding works, dealing with the time interval transformation for the hadronic interaction [9–12]. Finally, one has to take into account the anisotropy and the asymmetry of the energy diffusion when Lorentz invariance is broken. For the hadronic interaction, the anisotropy is a consequence of the
hadronic metric, generally anisotropic when it is described as function of the energy, as widely shown in previous works about the geometrical representation of the interactions in DSR [20–23].
Filippo Ridolfi 1, ∗, Fabio Cardone 2, 3 , and Gianni Albertini 4
1Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, della Vita e dell’Ambiente (DISTEVA), Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”,
Campus Scientifico “Enrico Mattei” Via Cà Le Suore 2, 61029 Urbino, Italy
2Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN–CNR), Via dei Taurini, 00185 Roma, Italy
3GNFM, Istituto Nazionale di Alta Matematica “F.Severi”, Città Universitaria, P.le A.Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
4Dipartimento di Scienze e Ingegneria della Materia dell’Ambiente ed Urbanistica (SIMAU) Università’ Politecnica delle
Marche (UNIVPM), Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
Gianni Albertini • Fabio Cardone • Monica Lammardo •
Andrea Petrucci • Filippo Ridolfi • Alberto Rosada •
Valter Sala • Emilio Santo
ultrasounds applied to aqueous solutions [14, 15]. In that
case, in fact, the phenomenon of cavitation can take place
and the bubble implosion is accompanied by a shock wave
able to concentrate the energy that was deposited in the
bubble surface region, into a volume of atomic dimensions.
That abrupt energy concentration was evaluated and it was
considered sufficient to trigger nuclear reactions.
By following that opened way, a parallel phenomenon
was suggested to occur in solid matrices [16, 17]. In par-
ticular in the case of Iron irradiated by ultrasounds, the
micrometric cavities already existing inside the sample
were proposed to play the same role as the bubbles inside
the liquid: the (locally isotropic) pressure induced by the
ultrasonic frontwave and the consequent implosion of the
gases included in the cavities can create an effect similar to
that proposed in the bubblesthe mate-
rials (micropores) exposed to ultrasonic pressure
waves resulting in an energy density to time ratio
large enough to overcome the threshold predicted
by the deformed spacetime theory, triggering, in
this way, a new kind of nuclear reaction. … The
large number of highly deformed cavities inside
the sample containing the damage mark (Fig. 3)
strongly supports the piezonuclear hypothesis. In
fact, their maximum size (*10 lm) is consistent
with the theoretical calculations of the space–time
deformation induced by cavitation [5, 6]. Accord-
ing to these calculations, the power (19 W) of the
ultrasound applied to the bar transferred over
370 GeV of energy to the internal cavities guar-
anteeing their collapse and the triggering of the
subsequent piezonuclear reactions [4, 6]. ….’’;
One of the most important consequences of obtaining
the nuclide emissions is that transmutations, i.e. the
transformations of elements into other elements, could be
obtained at relatively low energy [19].
Cardone et al. 2 suggested that the neutron bursts emitted
by the steel and ferrite bars during the ultrasound treat-
ment are either due to so-called “piezonuclear reactions”
induced by a local spacetime deformation generated by
sufficient local energy density or due to a release of energy
which increases the temperature determining the condi-
tions of microplasma ignition. Both hypotheses are consis-
tent with the occurrence of microcavities in the bars which,
unlike the ferrite matrix, are unable to promptly release
the energy received from the ultrasound waves. The large
number of highly deformed cavities at a depth of just a
few millimeters inside the sample containing the damage
mark (Fig. 3) strongly supports the piezonuclear hypoth-
esis. In fact, their maximum size (∼ 10 m) is consistent
with the theoretical calculations of the spacetime defor-
mation induced by cavitation. 8–10
Three cases are reviewed of radioactive material with anomalous decay after ultrasound irradiation. In the pure element thorium-228 in distilled water, the radioactivity decreased faster after cavitation than the natural decay. The more complex molecule of Nickel Nitrate, made of radioactive nickel-63, in solution of nitric acid and distilled water was investigated before and after ultrasound irradiation. The X-rays produced by Bremsstrahlung of the electrons from the beta decay of Ni-63 were recorded and a 13% decrease of intensity was measured after 100 s of sonication. A decrease of nickel and an increase of other elements was detected by mass spectrometry in the sonicated sample. The Cobalt-57 decay was investigated by detecting the gamma and X-ray intensity from the Iron-57 resulting after its beta emission. In this third case too, an anomalous decay was observed after sonication. These three cases of anomalous behavior can be explained at the light of the Deformed Space–Time theory. It assumes that a suitable sudden variation of energy density can induce a local deformation of space–time, thus violating the Local Lorentz Invariance. This variation can be created by the ultrasounds in the matter, thus, allowing reactions that cannot occur in a flat (Minkowskian) space–time. The “neutralization” of a radionuclide occurs when it undergoes a DST transformation changing the radionuclide into non-radioactive nuclides.
https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S0217979221300012
These macroscopic mechanisms can be produced by ultrasound and cavitation in liquids or by mechanical presses applied to solid samples in which cyclic stress is produced. This PhD work was dedicated to apply ultrasound and cavitation to water solutions containing the radioactive nuclei of 63Ni. The purpose of the experiments was to corroborate the predictions of the DST theory by treating the radioactive nuclei via the deformed hadronic space-time in order to transform them into stable ones and hence reduce the activity of the solutions more quickly and less dangerously than it would happen through the natural radioactive decay.
https://iris.univpm.it/handle/11566/316817
The speed of sound in water is in the order of 10(to the 3) m/s and if the frequency of the ultrasound is 104 Hz the corresponding wavelength is 10(to the -1) m. The bubbles
contained in a liquid at room temperature have a radius of the order of 10-6 m. In order to have the bubble implode symmetrically the ultrasound has to be converted into a symmetric spherical shock-wave on the bubble surface. This occurs when the wavelength is much bigger than the bubble radius, which is just the case for the numbers given above.
When a bubbles collapses its content, which has a pressure orders of magnitude lower than the external, escapes from the volume of the bubble to the outside, while those atoms trapped in the surface of the bubble are forcibly pushed into a spherical space whose volume becomes smaller and smaller down to a radius that can be compatible with the nuclear radius, since the power density on the bubble surface can grow to values of 1046 eV/s cm-2 which corresponds, for a low-density plasma, to a temperature of 1020K. This power density allows a heavy ion fusion-like process.
This means that these processes take place in a deformed space-time which contributes to the dynamics of the process by absorbing the energy that otherwise would be emitted as gamma photons
https://iris.univpm.it/retrieve/4c3181cb-2f77-474f-8c4c-4ebcc89601a8/Tesi_Petrucci.pdf
Ultrasounds with 20 kHz frequency and 630 W power
were used 210 minutes in bi-distilled and deionized
water1 in order to obtain nuclear reactions induced by
cavitation.
The abrupt energy release, which in water solutions is
caused by cavitation, in this case corresponds to a brittle
failure, which is an instantaneous catastrophic release of
the load, in contraposition to ductile failure, where the
stress release is not abrupt and a considerable load is
retained after rupture.
t predicts that, besides the space-
time curvature characterizing the gravitational
interactions, all the interactions can deform the space-
time. The corresponding four-dimensional metrics may
correspond to no curvature but it possesses a
mathematical structure able to generate spaces endowed
with curvature
superluminal propagation of electromagnetic waves
in conducting waveguides with variable section:
concentrate enough energy to locally overcome the
deformation threshold for strong nuclear interaction.
The energy of gamma radiation is absorbed to deform
space-time and thus no gamma radiation is detected.
The asymmetric geometry of non-Minkowsky metrics
makes the burst emissions asymmetric.
Thus asymmetric and intense bursts of hadronic
particles without concomitant gamma emissions are
predicted in DST-reactions
The latency time registered between the beginning of
energy inlet and the particle emission – both in
solutions and in solids - is assumed to correspond to
time necessary for creating an adequate local energy
concentration.
cro-cavities are sites
where reactions occurred. These reactions are of nuclear
nature, as elements not present in the matrix were
created.
The micro-cavities, differently from the ferrite matrix,
cannot promptly release the energy received from the
ultrasound radiation. The accumulated energy can
overcome the threshold for space-time deformation and
neutron bursts can be thus created, in analogy with the
neutron emissions observed in liquids.
In the framework of this analogy, it is interesting to note
that the size of the micro-cavities (some microns) is
comparable to that of the bubbles generated in the
cavitation phenomena.
Thus micro-reactors having diameter of some microns
are the sites of DST-reactions both in solids (the
“Ridolfi” cavities) and in liquids
emissions of nuclear particles imply
that the atomic mass of the emitting nucleus decreases,
thus obtaining effects that are characteristic of fission
reactions.
nucleolysis.
If the emitted nuclear particle is captured by a nucleus,
this last increases its mass. Phenomena similar to those
of nuclear fusion can be also induced directly by DST
conditions. Also in this case, in order to put in evidence
that fusion is characteristic of Minkowsky space while a
deformed space-time plays a fundamental role in these
reactions, the name of nucleo-synthesis is more
appropriate.
Fusion reactions transform light nuclei into heavier ones
but not heavier than Iron. Fission reactions transform
heavy nuclei into lighter ones but not lighter than Iron.
Thus Iron is the final limit for any chain of these
transformations. In DST-reactions, on the contrary, Iron
takes part in the process and facilitates it.
systematically at the middle of compression (loading)
or decompression (release) as it is well evident
DST- neutrons is not uniform also in energy, in a similar way already seen in time asynchrony and spatial asymmetry.
https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4020-6283-4
the new phenomenon of the DST-deactivation of a radioactive substance.
References
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https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42452-019-1391-6#Sec3
Under suitable conditions of geometry and energy density in
time (power) and space (pressure, which corresponds to energy in unit volume)
the confined particle can become free, either because a threshold is crossed, thus
changing the metric parameters of the space–time, or because the used geometry
corresponds to that of the deformed space–time of one interaction, thus producing
those effects characteristic of the deformed space–time.8
According to DST theory, the energy that usually is taken away by the gamma
radiation, in these cases is used to deform the space–time.
Through the DST transformations, it is possible to change the atomic weight of matter without using ionizing radiations and avoiding radionuclide production. In this sense, we can call this change of atomic weight “nuclear metabarysis”. These phenomena of nuclear metabarysis are associated with neutron emission. We discuss an experiment of sonication of a steel bar (carried out in Rome in 2012), and analyze the energy distribution of the emitted neutrons. The main signatures of the neutron emission are its asymmetry and anisotropy. We compare these features of neutron emission with those of the Lorentz invariance breakdown, obtained by means of electromagnetic experiments some years ago.
https://scholargps.com/scholars/52861112528480/fabio-cardone
broader research theme related to non-Euclidean geometries that
Poincaré conducted up to non-commutative geometries [ 3]
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/4/607
use energy as an
additional fifth coordinate and also to introduce the energy dependence of all the five
parameters of the metric. This gives rise to the so-called deformed Minkowski space–time–
energy, i.e., Deformed Minkowski in 5 dimensions (DM5). In the Einsteinian context of
mass–energy equivalence, this choice can be interpreted as an extension of both previ-
ous proposals. T
the dynamic effects of the hollow wave of the
photon, associated to the deformation of spacetime, which manifest themselves in the
photon behavior contradicting
always occurred in the absence of any kind of gamma emissions
above the natural background, thus excluding that they could be interpreted as phenomena
connected to customary nuclear transformations
F. Cardone, Hadronic Journal 14, 91 (1991).
, there is no apparent reason of connection between the asymmetrical neutron emissions and any macroscopic characteristics of asymmetry or inhomogeneity in the system constituted by the steel bar-ultrasound generator. In conclusion, we are going in forthcoming works to test the correspondence between the Lorentz violation asymmetry and neutron emission asymmetry by another class of phenomena, in order to get more stringent evidences of the fact that the DST conditions generated by Lorentz violation are intimately connected with asymmetry, as a fundamental feature of
Lorentz violation itself.
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