NEFCO (youtube viid) designed and operates the Twin Cities Biosolids pellet production facility
Selected to permit, design, and construct the Shakopee facility, NEFCO manages and operates this 200-wet ton per day biosolids processing facility for the Metropolitan Council Environmental Services (MCES). A unique feature of this project is an innovative staffing partnership between MCES and NEFCO.
We are proud that 100% of our product is put to local beneficial use. All of the Class A product is used to fertilize crops within a short haul distance resulting in a very low carbon footprint for transportation. The facility is fueled by digester gas, resulting in significant cost savings and environmental benefits.
The Shakopee-based NEFCO employees proudly support the following organizations: 2009 Breast Cancer 3-Day, Central Water States, Shakopee Crime Prevention, Inc., and the Shakopee Chamber of Commerce.
the dewatered biosolids are pathogen-free, low-odour, easy to store and transport.
https://www.cambi.com/what-we-do/thermal-hydrolysis/where-does-thermal-hydrolysis-fit/
I wonder if NEFCO gets their actual equipment from Cambi in Norway - they originally designed this process. waste to wealth
the Norwegian company Cambi (CambiTHP) as the most prevalent supplier for THP systems.... More than 70 plants across the world have installed CambiTHP systems.
According to googlescholar Turkey Tail Trametes versicolor used in biosolid sludge to remove pharmaceuticals. Wow turns out even the RAIN in the Twin Cities has antibiotics and cocaine in it! The sterilization process reduces the Big Pharma drugs "significantly" with "Antifungal/antibacterial agents together with opioids, in particular triclosan and tramadol, showed less resistance to thermal degradation while antibiotics could be more recalcitrant to heat treatment."
Below study shows at least a 50% breakdown of antibiotics through the "cooking" of the biosolids. Also some breakdown from the anaerobic digestion process. The soil bacteria breaks down the rest I suppose with some resistance building up.
Degradation of all the pharmaceuticals found in this work has been reported from sterile
sludge systems with T. versicolor in solid phase (except ranitidine and furosemide)
Air and precipitation samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS) for pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and other commercial chemicals within the St. Paul/Minneapolis metropolitan area of Minnesota, U.S. Of the 126 chemicals analyzed, 17 were detected at least once. Bisphenol A, N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET), and cocaine were the most frequently detected; their maximum concentrations in snow were 3.80, 9.49, and 0.171 ng/L and in air were 0.137, 0.370, and 0.033 ng/m3, respectively. DEET and cocaine were present in samples of rain up to 14.5 and 0.806 ng/L, respectively. Four antibiotics - ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, and sulfamethoxazole - were detected at concentrations up to 10.3 ng/L in precipitation, while ofloxacin was the sole antibiotic detected in air at 0.013 ng/m3.
Micro-pollutant detections in air and precipitation are similar to the profile of contaminants reported previously for surface water. This proof of concept study suggests that atmospheric transport of these chemicals may partially explain the ubiquity of these contaminants in the aquatic environment.The presence of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) in wastewater treatment plants is reported in various countries worldwide, mostly in the levels of nanograms to micrograms per litre. The present study investigates the thermal degradation of municipal sewage sludge containing PPCPs at various heating rates.Study results showed that PPCP concentrations can be lowered significantly by thermal treatment of municipal biosolids.
Thermal degradation of emerging contaminants in municipal biosolids: The case of pharmaceuticals and personal care products
Received 15 February 2022, Revised 1 May 2022, Accepted 16 May 2022, Available online 25 May 2022, Version of Record 31 May 2022.
Chemosphere
Volume 303, Part 2, September 2022, 135008
Biosolids for safe land application: does wastewater treatment plant size matters when considering antibiotics, pollutants, microbiome, mobile genetic elements and associated resistance genes?
In the present study, DNA extracted from biosolids taken at 12 WWTPs
(two large‐scale, six middle‐scale and four small‐scale plants)
While antibiotics and disinfectants might be degraded or sequestered, and thus their effects may vanish over time,...
10.3 ng/L in the air compared to
1.68 μg/kg (micrograms=1000 ng) kg−1 (1/kg) in the soil. So
it's 100 times more in the soil than the rain on average. Still the
sterilization would break that down quite a bit - so probably pretty
similar to the amount in rain in the Twin Cities!
The treatment process at the Metro plant essentially mimics the natural ability of the water to cleanse itself as some particles are removed through sedimentation and others are ingested by microbes, although at a greatly accelerated rate.
Air is infused in the wastewater to stimulate the growth of microbes-bacteria and other organisms-that then consume the waste materials. In the process, ammonia is also converted into non-toxic nitrates.
120 wet tons of biosolids per day. The Blue Lake Final Stabilization Facility uses rotary drum heat drying to dry primary and waste activated sludges to Class A, pelletized product that is 90 percent total solids. An average of 32 dry tons of high-grade, slow release organic fertilizer for agricultural, horticultural and turf operations is produced each day.
Addition of the anaerobic digestion process would reduce the mass and volume of solids by about 30%The biosolids are decomposed in three 1.4 million gallon concrete tanks by microorganisms (naturally contained in the waste) in the absence of oxygen.EPA’s “Exceptional Quality” requirements for low levels of heavy metals and contaminants."pollutants in biosolids; specifically, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper,
lead, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, and zinc. If a limit for any one
of the pollutants is exceeded, the biosolids cannot be applied to the land
until such time that the ceiling concentration limits are no longer exceeded."
Emerging contaminants in biosolids: Presence, fate and analytical
techniques
techniques
This study focuses on the influence of solids treatment via the Cambi Thermal Hydrolysis Process™ in conjunction with anaerobic digestion (TH-AD) on concentrations of triclosan (TCS), triclocarban (TCC), and their transformation products in biosolids and sludges. Concentrations of the target analytes in biosolids from the TH-AD process (Class A), sludges from the individual TH-AD treatment steps, and limed biosolids (Class B) from the same WRRF were compared. TCC concentrations were significantly lower in Class A biosolids than those in the Class B product - a removal that occurred during thermal hydrolysis. Concentrations of TCS, methyl triclosan, and 2,4-dichlorophenol, conversely, increased during anaerobic digestion, leading to significantly higher concentrations of these compounds in Class A biosolids when compared to Class B biosolids.
So the anaerobic digestion concentrates the pollution while the sterilization removes most of it.
Effect of temperature (cooking and freezing) on the concentration of oxytetracycline residue in experimentally induced birds
Antimicrobials are widely used in livestock, and poultry production for the purposes of prevention and treatment of diseases and growth promotion [1,2] and the tetracyclines (TCs) are ranked among the frequently used [3,4]. ...Roasting and boiling significantly reduced the concentration of oxytetracycline in muscle by 53.6% and 69.6%, respectively, at pH 6.0, microwaving reduced the concentration by 49.1% but was not statistically significant. Previous studies have suggested that sulfamethazine, oxacillin, chloramphenicol, aminoglycosides, quinolones, clindamycin, novobiocin, trimethoprim, vancomycin, and azlocillin are heat-stable [9,14,15], while oxytetracycline (OTC) and erythromycin were shown to be heat-labile [11]. On the other hand, several β-lactams such as penicillin G, ampicillin, and amoxicillin appear partially heat-labile [14].
Furthermore, the study found that laboratory-scale anaerobic digesters treating sludge with conventional mesophilic anaerobic digestion (MAD) more readily transformed nonylphenol ethoxylates to nonylphenol than sludge that had been pretreated with thermal hydrolysis prior to MAD (McNamara et al., 2012).
except some chemicals are converted via the digestion treatment.
The implementation of the TH-AD [what Twin Cities does] solids treatment process allows for the WRRF to utilize a more environmentally friendly technology – namely, via the creation of Class A biosolids (more opportunities for land application over Class B biosolids due to reduced pathogen concentrations and increased vector attraction reduction), reduction in volume of final solids created, and efficient methane production for the WRRF's energy needs.
Chemosphere
Volume 171, March 2017, Pages 609-616
Influence of thermal hydrolysis-anaerobic digestion treatment of wastewater solids on concentrations of triclosan, triclocarban, and their transformation products in biosolids
Therefore, this study demonstrates that treating solids via TH-AD can323
significantly reduce concentrations of TCC in biosolids and, thus, the amount of TCC324
being introduced to the environment via the beneficial reuse of biosolids.
significantly reduce concentrations of TCC in biosolids and, thus, the amount of TCC324
being introduced to the environment via the beneficial reuse of biosolids.
Front. Microbiol., 08 March 2019
Sec. Microbiotechnology
Volume 10 - 2019 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.
Sec. Microbiotechnology
Volume 10 - 2019 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.
Antibiotics in the Soil Environment—Degradation and Their Impact on Microbial Activity and Diversity
Some bacteria that degrade antibiotics have been isolated from antibiotics-contaminated soils. For example, strains belonging to the genera Microbacterium (Topp et al., 2013), Burkholderia (Zhang and Dick, 2014), Stenotrophomonas (Leng et al., 2016), Labrys (Mulla et al., 2018), Ochrobactrum (Zhang et al., 2017b; Mulla et al., 2018), and Escherichia (Mulla et al., 2018; Wen et al., 2018) were capable of degrading sulfamethazine, penicillin G, tetracycline, erythromycin and doxycycline in liquid cultures, respectively. Other bacteria belonging to the genera Klebsiella (Xin et al., 2012), Acinetobacter, Escherichia (Zhang et al., 2012), Microbacterium (Kim et al., 2011), Labrys (Amorim et al., 2014), and Bacillus (Rafii et al., 2009; Erickson et al., 2014) that were capable of degrading chloramphenicol, sulfapyridine, sulfamethazine, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and ceftiofur have been isolated from patients, sediments, sludge, animal feces, and seawater.
The stability or instability of the different antimicrobials used in our study has already been reported in various liquid and solid media (Hwang et al., 1986; Marchbanks et al., 1987; Paesen et al., 1994; Erah et al., 1997). Erah et al. showed that amoxicillin and clarithromycin are stable at pH 7 in aqueous solution with a degradation half-life of respectively 153.1 h and undetectable degradation (Erah et al., 1997).
MN biosolids spreading manual pdf
that does not mention any pellets!
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