However, the magnetic fields are very highly penetrating. 3. Time-varying magnetic fields have central roles in producing highly penetrating effects. The primary mechanism of EMF action is voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC) activation with the EMFs acting via their forces on the voltage sensor,
The coherence of the polarity is required for maximum force generation. In addition, the coherence of phase is also important because identical phase produces constructive interference and supra-additive effects, whereas phase shifts lead to high amounts of destructive interference and much lower effects [9]. Golant [7] discusses how coherent MM-wave EMFs may produce resonance interactions with specific biological targets. Strong electrical forces produced by coherent electronically generated EMFs are an important feature of the Fröhlich [6] theoretical model of biological activity of EMFs. While it is clear from this, that there is a substantial literature that electronically generated EMFs are coherent and that such coherence is important for their acting in wireless communication and in producing non-thermal biological effects, this literature is not widely known nor is its importance appreciated among the vast majority of scientists studying EMF effects.
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Electronically generated EMFs are highly coherent, as discussed above, being emitted with a specific frequency, in a specific vector direction, with a specific phase and specific polarity. This high-level coherence causes the electrical and magnetic forces produced by these to be vastly higher than are forces produced by incoherent natural EMFs. 2. The electrical forces on these charges in the voltage sensor are thought to be approximately 120 times higher than forces on charges in the aqueous phases of our cells and bodies, as predicted be Coulomb’s law, due to the difference of the dielectric constant in the two locations [12], [28]. 3. The forces on the charges in the voltage sensor are also thought, to be approximately 3,000 times higher because of the high electrical resistance of the plasma membrane and therefore the high level of amplification of the electric field across the plasma membrane [12], [28]. This helps us to understand how VGCCs and other voltage-gated ion channels can be activated by what are considered to be very weak EMFs. The important finding here is that EMFs activate the VGCCs and other voltage-gated ion channels not via depolarization of the plasma membrane but rather via the direct forces they produce on the circa 20 charges in the voltage sensor. One puzzle discussed in ref. [40] and also below in this paper is how can static magnetic fields activate the VGCCs when physics shows that static magnetic fields cannot put forces on static electrical charges. These magnetic field effects are discussed in the next section.
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MM-waves have been shown to act via activation of the VGCCs and also voltage-gated potassium channels [42], [43], [44]. Therefore it seems likely that MM-waves act via such channel activation as do lower frequency EMFs. This interpretation is confirmed by findings that MM-waves raise [Ca2+]i levels, calcium signaling and also nitric oxide (NO) [42] (compare with Figure 1). It is also confirmed by findings that MM-waves raise peroxynitrite [45] and by findings, discussed above, that MM-waves can produce similar pathophysiological effects and therapeutic effects to those produced by lower frequency EMFs. There is an additional channel that is probably activated by MM-waves acting on voltage sensors, the Ca2+-activated potassium channel as shown by Geletyuk et al. [46]. It was shown in ref. [46] using patch-clamp studies, that closed Ca2+-activated potassium channels are opened by exposures to low intensity non-pulsed MM-waves. This same channel has also been shown to be activated by both 50 Hz and microwave frequency EMFs [47].
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“The Maxwell–Faraday version of Faraday’s law of induction describes how a time varying magnetic field creates (‘induces’) an electric field” (italics added). Coherent highly penetrating time-varying magnetic fields will produce strong forces on ions dissolved in the aqueous phases in our bodies, moving those ions in both the extracellular medium and also in intracellular aqueous phases and therefore regenerating a highly coherent electric field similar to but of lower intensity to the original electric field of the EMF before entering the body. The regenerated EMF can, then act to put forces on the charges of the voltage sensor thus activating the VGCCs. The physics here is essentially identical to the physics of electrical generation. In electrical generators, time-varying magnetic fields put forces on mobile electrons in copper wires, moving those mobile electrons and generating, in turn, an electrical current. In our bodies, the highly penetrating time varying magnetic fields put time-varying forces on dissolved mobile ions in aqueous phases in our bodies, generating a coherent electric field which can act on the voltage sensors to activate the VGCCs, as discussed above. A study providing support for this mechanism is the study of Deghoyan et al. [51] which found that non-thermal effects on cells in culture were produced through MM-wave irradiation of the medium surrounding these cells. This may or may not be the primary mechanism by which MM-waves produce highly penetrating effects. There is second highly plausible mechanism by which highly penetrating magnetic fields can put forces on the charges in the voltage sensor activate voltage-gated ion channels.
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the plasma membranes of cells are constantly moving and therefore the voltage sensors of the VGCCs located in the plasma membrane are also moving, so that static magnetic fields can produce time-varying forces on the charges of the VGCC voltage-sensor. These findings clearly raise the possibility that the highly penetrating time-varying magnetic fields derived from MM-wave or other frequency EMFs, including the extraordinarily high densities of modulating pulses of 5G, can have very high activity when acting directly on the 20 positive charges in the voltage sensor of the VGCCs to activate the VGCCs.
us it is the long-lasting slow adapting excitatory response that may reflect the peculiarity of the low-intensity millimeter-wave EMR effect on biological tissues.” These results show that low intensity MM-wave EMFs produce long-term hypersensitivity of the electroreceptors. There are similar electroreceptors in sharks, skates and rays and given that the target producing hypersensitivity here is that receptor, it is important to identify the identity of electroreceptor. Bellono et al. [60] showed that the electroreceptor is the VGCC Ca(V)1.3. Other studies implicate excessive [Ca2+]i in electroreception and VGCC activation was also implicated in the Zhang et al. [61] study of the skate electrosensor.
There are three very important findings here which are rarely recognized in the EMF scientific literature: coherence of electronically generated EMFs; the key role of time-varying magnetic fields in generating highly penetrating effects; the key role of both modulating and pure EMF pulses in greatly increasing very short term high level time-variation of magnetic and electric fields.
The studies in this paragraph show that low intensity MM-wave EMFs produce direct effects on the membrane activity of the pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial node of the frog heart, influencing the heartbeat, but that the responsiveness of these cells can be influenced by neurological activity.
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