The quantum gradient is generated because the extracellular cations acquire higher kinetic energy as they move through the membrane’s voltage; hence they have higher tunneling probability and higher conductance than that of intracellular cations [32]. Thus, cations will pass from the outside to the inside of a cell down their quantum gradient via quantum tunneling.
https://www.mdpi.com/1873-149X/28/1/10/htm
Additionally, it is clear that sodium has higher tunneling probability and higher conductance than potassium and this discrepancy can be attributed to the fact that the mass of sodium is less than the mass of potassium. Thus, the mass is an exponentially influential factor on the conductance in the quantum model.
fascinating.
According to the quantum model, both sodium and potassium ions can depolarize the resting membrane potential because extracellular sodium and potassium ions have higher tunneling probability and higher quantum conductance than intracellular sodium and potassium ions. Consequently, there will be a quantum gradient of positive ions from outside to inside the cell resulting in depolarizing the resting membrane potential under the equilibrium. However, according to the classical model, when the potassium channels open, potassium ions diffuse from inside to outside the cell, down their concentration gradient, resulting in membrane hyperpolarization. Hence, the quantum model can explain why gain-of-function mutations in potassium channels of excitatory neurons can result in hyperexcitability instead of hypoexcitability [70]. Surprisingly, when the gain-of-function mutation in potassium channels decreases the gating free energy, this may increase the tunneling probability and quantum conductance of extracellular potassium ions significantly to depolarize the resting membrane potential, predisposing the membrane to hyperexcitability.
The complex non-linearity of brain dynamics can augment the quantum fluctuations and hence contribute to the maintenance of the quantum coherence of ions [78,79]. The electromagnetic field effects possibly mediate this augmentation [80,81,82].
Citing
Koch, H.J. Quantum biology: Unit membrane reduces entropy due to wave particle duality. NeuroQuantology 2017, 15.
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