Our results suggest that the greater Zambezi river basin, particularly the Kalahari region, had a critical role in shaping the emergence and prehistory of AMHs. Now a semi-desert, this region consists of salt pans within northern Botswana that represent desiccated vestiges of palaeo-lake Makgadikgadi, which at its peak in the early Pleistocene would have been the largest lake in Africa 7,18 . Contraction of the Mak- gadikgadi palaeo-lake during the Middle Pleistocene was accompanied by development of the Okavango delta as a result of neotectonic rift- ing, which—together with smaller lakes from the upper Zambezi to the Kafue rivers—would have created a vast residual wetland favour- able for habitation by humans and mammals more broadly 19 (Fig. 2c).
Using climate models and sediment-core samples from the area, the team found that, from roughly 130,000 to 110,000 years ago, changing rainfall patterns opened up several "green corridors" of habitable land in the desert around Makgadikgadi. Corridors to the northwest and southeast of the wetland could have drawn migrants in those directions, leading them toward the areas where different indigenous groups still live today, the researchers wrote. This movement could adequately explain the distribution of L0 subgroups around southern Africa.
So here I have to disagree with this writer of what it means to be human:
We might bury our dead pet, but we wouldn't expect the dog's ghost to haunt us, or to find the cat waiting in Heaven. And yet, it's hard to find evidence for this kind of fundamental difference.
No in our original human culture - if a bird was killed then it would not be eaten till the next day to give time for the bird's spirit to leave the area - otherwise the bird's spirit would tell other birds that the humans are hunting the birds.
The tale of the buffalo wife, a sacred narrative of the Kua by Helga VierichApril 26, 2022
This new radical anthropology talk is an excellent expose about what it means to be human.
How do children learn to be human? Adults model behaviour and instruct
morals by examples, with the help of the stories. These can be original
myths, biblical and folktales, or sometimes parables, coming-of-age
adventures, and legends, that illustrate good as well as bad outcomes.
Here one such tale is recounted, as told to an anthropologist by a Kua
storyteller in the southeastern Kalahari four decades ago. This features
the Creator, a termite mound, a Buffalo wife, foolish humans, and
poisonous farts. Enjoy.
By Joshua Jonathan - This file has been extracted from another file, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=97086608
Expansion of Yamnaya-related people, according to Anthony (2007),[53] 2017;[58][note 1] Narasimhan et al. (2019);[59] Nordqvist and Heyd (2020):[11] * 3000 BC: Initial eastward migration initiating the Afanasievo culture, possibly Proto-Tocharian. * 2900 BC: North-westward migrations carrying Corded Ware culture, transforming into Bell Beaker; according to Anthony, westward migration west of Carpatians into Hungary as Yamnaya, transforming into Bell Beaker, possibly ancestral to Italo-Celtic (disputed). * 2700 BC: Second eastward migration starting east of Carpatian mountains as Corded Ware, transforming into Fatyanovo-Balanova (2800 BC) → Abashevo (2200 BC) → Sintashta (2100–1900 BC) → Andronovo (1900–1700 BC) → Indo-Aryans.
Our modern human phenotypes are very superficial genetically - just one amino acid "letter" changes the phenotype as an "allele" DNA change. For example the white skin of West Asians is from wheat monocultural farming. This spread to India and to North Africa and to Europe (around 8000 BCE) - and to central asia (the Yamnaya culture). So wheat farming as a monoculture lacks vitamin D in the diet and hence the white skin. Similarly potato farmers of the Andes also lack vitamin D in the diet and so have white skin. Europeans had African traits up as far as dark skin - until the wheat monocultural farming spread. This is why the hunter-fishing cultures in northern Europe will have darker skin - as the farming wheat culture that fled into Europe as ecological refugees (due to creating deforestation in West Asia) stayed separate from the hunter-gatherers for sometimes very long periods - especially say in Sweden. It wasn't until the Yamnaya culture swept in using cattle to pull carts with the wheel that a more domination occurred in Europe - this was the "beaker culture."
"The people of the Yamnaya culture are also closely connected to Final Neolithic cultures, which later spread throughout Europe and Central Asia, especially the Corded Ware people and the Bell Beaker culture, as well as the peoples of the Sintashta, Andronovo, and Srubnaya cultures. Back migration from Corded Ware also contributed to Sintashta and Andronovo.[6] In these groups, several aspects of the Yamnaya culture are present.[b] Genetic studies have also indicated that these populations derived large parts of their ancestry from the steppes."
russlan cilia follow me closer.. The Khoisan’s have the oldest bloodline and lineage on this planet! The first time anyone outside of Africa saw the “San Bushmen” they were more civilized than the “civilizers” then and they’re still currently more civil presently!In the northern Pontic steppes were excavated the oldest wheels in the world, which may tentatively be associated with the Indo-Europeans.[32] The Yamnaya culture had and used two-wheeled carts and four-wheeled wagons, which are thought to have been oxen-drawn at this time, and there is evidence that they rode horses.[33]
Metallurgists and other craftsmen are given a special status in Yamnaya society, and metal objects are sometimes found in large quantities in elite graves. New metalworking technologies and weapon designs are used.[30]
Anthony[34] speculates that the Yamnaya ate a diet consisting of meat, milk, yogurt, cheese, and soups made from seeds and wild vegetables, and probably consumed mead.
The Blombos Cave site in South Africa, for example, is famous for rectangular slabs of ochre engraved with geometric designs. Using multiple dating techniques, the site was confirmed to be around 77,000 and 100–75,000 years old.[19][20] Ostrich egg shell containers engraved with geometric designs dating to 60,000 years ago were found at Diepkloof, South Africa.[21] Beads and other personal ornamentation have been found from Morocco which might be as much as 130,000 years old; as well, the Cave of Hearths in South Africa has yielded a number of beads dating from significantly prior to 50,000 years ago,.,[22] and shell beads dating to about 75,000 years ago have been found at Blombos Cave, South Africa
Two hunter-gatherer skeletons were discovered in a cave in the mountains of north-west Spain in 2006.
The cool, dark conditions meant the remains (called La Brana 1 and 2) were remarkably well preserved. Scientists were able to extract DNA from a tooth of one of the ancient men and sequence his genome.
The team found that the early European was most closely genetically related to people in Sweden and Finland.
But while his eyes were blue, his genes reveal that his hair was black or brown and his skin was dark.
"This was a result that was unexpected," said Dr Lalueza-Fox.
Scientists had thought the first Europeans became fair soon after they left Africa and moved to the continent about 45,000 years ago.
"It has been assumed that it is something that happens in response to going from Africa to higher latitudes where the UV radiation is very low and you need to synthesise vitamin D in your skin. Your skin becomes lighter quite soon," explained Dr Lalueza-Fox.
"It is obvious that this is not the case, because this guy has been in Europe for 40,000 years and he still has dark skin."
Genetic tests reveal that a hunter-gatherer who lived 7,000 years ago had the unusual combination of dark skin and hair and blue eyes.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982216000877
"Here we analyze 55 complete human mitochondrial genomes (mtDNAs) of hunter-gatherers spanning ∼35,000 years of European prehistory. We unexpectedly find mtDNA lineage M in individuals prior to the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). This lineage is absent in contemporary Europeans, although it is found at high frequency in modern Asians, Australasians, and Native Americans. Dating the most recent common ancestor of each of the modern non-African mtDNA clades reveals their single, late, and rapid dispersal less than 55,000 years ago. Demographic modeling not only indicates an LGM genetic bottleneck, but also provides surprising evidence of a major population turnover in Europe around 14,500 years ago during the Late Glacial, a period of climatic instability at the end of the Pleistocene."
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