https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337020021_Beyond_broad_strokes_sociocultural_insights_from_the_study_of_ancient_genomes/fulltext/5dc0ec62299bf1a47b155249/337020021_Beyond_broad_strokes_sociocultural_insights_from_the_study_of_ancient_genomes.pdf?origin=publication_detail
And once again, the Brahmins are NOT from India! oops!
Previous studies have shown that the late huntergatherer populations of Europe can be split into western huntergatherers (WHG), typified by individuals from present day Luxembourg (13) and Spain (14) , and eastern huntergatherers (EHG), generally represented by
individuals from northern Russia and Estonia (16) . Genetically, huntergatherers from centralScandinavia are known to be intermediate along this cline, mirroring their geographic locationbetween the two extremes of this west–east axis (13,31) . According to Günther et al. (32) , EHG ancestry reached central Scandinavia from the north, while the WHG ancestry entered from the south, following the retreat of the ice sheets around 12 to 11 ka years ago. Interestingly, the Syltholm genome is entirely composed of WHG ancestry, suggesting that EHG ancestry did not reach southern Denmark in prehistory.
Furthermore, it is striking that the Syltholm genome also lacks Neolithic farmer ancestry,despite its relatively late date. This is all the more interesting because there is evidence for domesticated animals and farming practices at the site from around 6,000 BP
(
10
) . It suggests that admixture with farming populations might not have been as pervasive at the time. Having said that, the mtDNA genome we recovered from the resin belongs to haplogroup K1e, which is surprising, as it is more commonly associated with early farming communities (34–38) .
However, haplogroup K1 has also been observed in Mesolithic individuals in other parts of
Europe (
39
) and it is possible, therefore, that it reached northern Europe during the Mesolithic. In
any event, the lack of genomewide Neolithic farmer ancestry in the Syltholm genome is worthy
of note because it suggests that the genetic impact of early farming communities might not have
been as extensive as once thought (
34
) .
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2018/12/13/493882.full.pdf
We use imputed genotypes to predict physical characteristics and find that she had dark skin and hair, and blue eyes.
The phenotypic combination of blue eyes and otherwise dark hair and skin pigmentation has been previously noted in European huntergatherers, including La Braña (14)and Cheddar Man (40) . Our results indicate that this phenotype was widespread in MesolithicEurope and that the adaptive spread of light skin pigmentation in European populations only occurred later on in prehistory (32)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867417310085#fig1
The best fitting model for the Somali includes Tanzania_Luxmanda_3100BP ancestry, Dinka-related ancestry, and 16% ± 3% Iranian-Neolithic-related ancestry (p = 0.015). This suggests that ancestry related to the Iranian Neolithic appeared in eastern Africa after earlier gene flow related to Levant Neolithic populations, a scenario that is made more plausible by the genetic evidence of admixture of Iranian-Neolithic-related ancestry throughout the Levant by the time of the Bronze Age (Lazaridis et al., 2016) and in ancient Egypt by the Iron Age (Schuenemann et al., 2017).
My latest blogpost is on the latest DNA evidence corroborating the spread of farming into Europe as a white skin patriarchal rapist-warmongering venture https://elixirfield.blogspot.com/2019/11/white-skin-patriarchical-farming-spread.html So I call this "Techno-feminism" - this was proven for the Incas also. Female chimpanzees use spears to hunt so they are not dependent on the males bringing home the meat and then raping the females. So civilization for humans is the same - the females hope that technology will save them from the rapist war-mongering males. But unfortunately civilization only addresses the symptoms of the problem, NOT the cause. The cause is only solved by the males as EVERY male was required, in the original human culture - the San Bushmen - to do intensive spiritual trance dance-fasting training called Tshoma - for one month away from the females. This training was done every 5 years or so and every time the male went hunting then he also was celibate. The male to get married had to FIRST provide meat for 3 years for the female's family while living WITH the female's family (that is the reverse of the Chimpanzee-modern human "female exogamy" model). So only after 3 years of providing meat could the male then CONSUMMATE the marriage to the female. pretty strict huh?
Ancient X chromosomes reveal contrasting sex bias in Neolithic and Bronze Age Eurasian migrations
https://www.pnas.org/content/114/10/2657.short
https://aeon.co/ideas/how-we-discovered-that-europeans-used-cattle-8000-years-ago
The oldest known evidence of ploughs in Europe comes from fragments of ards preserved in water-logged ancient sites. They are just under 6,000 years old....We studied the footbones of cattle from 11 sites in the western Balkans (modern-day Croatia, Serbia and Bosnia-Herzegovina) dating to the local Neolithic, and ranging from 6100 BCE to 4500 BCE (8,000 to 6,500 years ago). Across these sites, cattle footbones were compared with the same bones from wild cattle at these sites, to determine the presence and absence of footbone alterations indicative of the strain of traction.
We found changes to the footbones of cattle consistent with traction across these sites that were completely absent from the control group of wild cattle footbones. The presence of these pathologies, and their absence from the control population of wild cattle hunted at these same sites, proves that humans were using cattle as engines of labour in Europe at least 2,000 years earlier than was previously thought. Furthermore, comparisons of sex-specific proportions from some of these footbones showed that humans were using both male and female cattle. In fact, female cows were more common as animal engines than male bulls.
Early farmers from across Europe directly descended from Neolithic Aegeans
https://www.pnas.org/content/113/25/6886.short
These results suggest that the gene flow associated with the spread of CWC to Estonia was sex specific, being biased toward Steppe ancestry on the male side but carrying also some European early farmer genetic ancestry on the female side. This finding is consistent with broader sex-specific patterns of admixture detected in European Bronze Age populations [40, 41, 42].
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