Wednesday, September 25, 2019

How does the Vagus Nerve mediate dopamine to serotonin levels?

How does dopamine become serotonin by the vagus nerve exactly? It’s really interesting, thank you.
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As electrical stimulation of vagal afferent fibers modifies brain concentration of serotonin, GABA, and glutamate (Ressler and Mayberg, 2007) and is used in the treatment of drug resistant epilepsy and depression (Bonaz et al., 2013),
So in my free pdf linked in my signature - I cite the studies on how qigong increases brain serotonin levels. This is through the vagus nerve activation via the deep reverse breathing and breath retention AFTER exhale. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2018.00049/full
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Chronic VNS [vagal nerve stimulation] influences the concentration of 5-HT,[serotonin]  NE, and DA [dopamine] in the brain and in the cerebrospinal fluid (88). In rats, it has been shown that VNS treatments induce large time-dependent increases in basal neuronal firing in the brainstem nuclei for serotonin in the dorsal raphe nucleus (89). Thus, chronic VNS was associated with increased extracellular levels of serotonin in the dorsal raphe (90).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5859128/
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Serotonin is also an important neurotransmitter in the gut that can stimulate peristalsis and induce nausea and vomiting by activating the vagus nerve. In addition, it is essential for the regulation of vital functions, such as appetite and sleep, and contributes to feelings of well-being. To 95%, it is produced by enterochromaffin cells, a type of neuroendocrine cell which reside alongside the epithelium lining the lumen of the digestive tract (102). Serotonin is released from enterochromaffin cells in response to mechanical or chemical stimulation of the gastrointestinal tract which leads to activation of 5-HT3 receptors on the terminals of vagal afferents (103).
So you have vagus nerve in the GUT increasing serotonin (where most of it is made) and then vagus nerve in the brain ALSO increasing serotonin - and then you have increased serotonin in the cerebral-spinal fluid.
But what qigong does is transfer the serotonin in the blood into the cerebro-spinal fluid via the pineal gland.
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As a result, interactions between the vagus nerve and serotonin systems in the gut and in the brain appear to play an important role in the treatment of psychiatric conditions.
And dopamine is similar
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In case of DA, it has been shown that the short-term effects (14 days) (94) and the long-term effects (12 months) (97) of VNS in treatment of resistant major depression may lead to brainstem dopaminergic activation. DA is a catecholamine that to a large extent is synthesized in the gut and plays a crucial role in the reward system in the brain (98).
 
So with testosterone - the MAIN reason it decreases is due to stress - the testosterone increases also via the vagus nerve but then cortisol will cause the testosterone to get converted in the body...
https://translational-medicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12967-019-1831-5
Here the CERVIX was stimulated via the vagus nerve (i.e. orgasms in pigs) to monitor how it affected obesity.
What did they find?
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DAT binding potential was decreased by about one third in the striatum while SERT was about doubled in the midbrain.

Conclusions

Our findings demonstrated that aVNS reduced weight gain as a consequence of diminished daily food intake and increased resting energy expenditure. These changes were associated with enhanced connectivity between several brain areas. A lower striatal DAT together with a doubled mid-brain SERT were likely causative for these changes.
 
So as dopamine went down then serotonin doubled as the vagus nerve was continued to be stimulated. So that perfectly corroborates my own tantric experiences via the cervix vagus nerve activation.
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Nevertheless, the convergence of these figures suggests that both feeding behavior and energy expenditure are keys components to understand the origin of weight loss observed during vagal stimulation.
 
and so why is this? both dopamine and serotonin are from the SAME vagal stimulation and so one leads into the other.
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This inverse association between serotonin and dopamine levels during ... Considering the functional regulation of serotonin over the dopamine system, deficient serotonergic function may result in hyperactivity of the dopamine system, promoting impulsive behavior. This relationship may account for co-occurring serotonin and dopamine dysfunctions in individuals with impulsive aggression. In support of this, prefrontal serotonin levels in rats decreased to 80% of baseline level during and after fights, whereas prefrontal dopamine levels increased to 120% after fights (Van Erp & Miczek, 2000). This inverse association between serotonin and dopamine levels during aggression was replicated in a subsequent study (Ferrari, vanErp, Tornatzky, & Miczek, 2003). These results suggest that decreased serotonergic activity in the context of aggressive behavior is closely associated with increased dopamine activity. Consistent with this research, dopamine triggered impulsivity in rats was increased by serotonin depletion or removal of the serotonin-1B receptor gene (Harrison et al 1997; Swann, 2003). In humans, low levels of 5-HIAA and high levels of the dopamine metabolite homovenillic acid (HVA) in CSF have been associated with high scores in the interpersonal and behavioral items of the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) (Soderstrom, Blennow, Manhem, & Forsman, 2001). This result was independently replicated in a sample of violent and sexual offenders exhibiting psychopathic traits (Soderstrom, Blennow, Sjodin, & Forsman, 2003).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2612120/
 
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there are tracts where Serotonin will suppress dopamine (DA)
https://www.quora.com/Neuroscience-Are-dopamine-and-serotonin-inversely-proportional

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