Friday, January 2, 2026

Grapefruit oil as new antiseptic...Limonene is a terpene but it smells nice as citrus

 GFSE and its bioactive components, besides their ability to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 activity. The GFSE has a high growth inhibition against gram-positive bacteria (Enterococcus spp. and Staphylococcus spp) and gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). https://archivepp.com/article/grapefruit-seed-extracts-antibacterial-and-antiviral-activity-anti-severe-acute-respiratory-syndro-bezi2dszyvyxzyj

Grapefuit oil smells nice compared to terpenes. Personally I also like the smell of terpenes but people freak out even if it is Rosemary oil (that has terpenes in it also)...

 GFSE's main components, such as naringenin, resveratrol, limonoids, and hesperidin, have also been verified.

aringenin is not a terpene; it's a
flavonoid, specifically a flavanone, a type of polyphenol found abundantly in citrus fruits like grapefruits, known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties

 limonene (not liminoid) is a well-known terpene. It is a naturally occurring aromatic compound found in the essential oils of many plants, most notably in the rinds of citrus fruits like lemons, oranges, and limes,

https://rden.uomosul.edu.iq/index.php/rden/article/view/35315 

 The aqueous GSE (20%) solution used in this study gave positive results with lethal effect on the tested organisms with zones of inhibition ranging from 10mm-18mm in diameter, which is comparable to that of chlorhexidine (7mm - 22mm) and (13mm - 20mm) for 0.12% and 0.2% solutions respectively.

 grapefruit (Citrus Paradisi Rutaceae) seeds. Materials and Methods: Aqueous and alcoholic (ethanol) extracts of grapefruit seeds "GSE" in 20% (w/v)

 Citrus paradisi (grapefruit) essential oil is primarily composed of limonene, a monoterpene that gives it a bright, citrusy aroma and contributes to its antioxidant, antibacterial, and uplifting properties, making it popular in aromatherapy and skincare. The limonene content in grapefruit oil can be very high, sometimes exceeding 90%, alongside other compounds like myrcene and nootkatone.

  • Grapefruit Essential Oil (Citrus paradisi) | Natural Ingredients | Earthley
    Grapefruit, or Citrus paradisi, is a popular citrus fruit that is high in vitamin C and antioxidants. It is thought to have origin...
    Earthley Wellness
  • coffee increases faecal bacteria in the body but tryptophan from cocoa increases indole shit smell! Wow

     Well that's the end of my cocoa tryptophan psychedelic dosing experiment!! Creating too much Indole bacteria as a byproduct. hahaha. I really enjoyed my trippy dreams - wow so much fun. But I don't want to smell like crap all the time. 

     Higher coffee intake (more than 2 cups) was related to a higher relative abundance of Faecalibacterium and Alistipes...Faecalibacterium is a butyrate-producing bacterium [30] that has been shown to have positive impacts on human energy metabolism [31], and its anti-inflammatory properties have been shown [32]

    https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/7/1747 

    the bacterium itself is a significant component of human feces, its specific smell isn't individually described as "shit-like" in most research, though it is associated with the general putrid odors produced by anaerobic fermentation
    . The main compound responsible for the characteristic smell of feces is indole, a metabolic product of tryptophan
    cocoa contains tryptophan, which gut bacteria can break down into foul-smelling compounds like
    indole and skatole (3-methylindole) that contribute to fecal odors, even though low concentrations of these compounds also give pleasant floral notes to jasmine and orange blossoms; this metabolic process explains why some chocolate can have a musty, "off" smell or why fermented cocoa can smell funky

     Tryptophan gets turned into indole and indoxyl sulfate in your digestive system.) However in small concentrations, indole will smell very sweet ...

     https://gizmodo.com/why-is-a-compound-that-smells-like-feces-put-in-perfume-1717903411

      3-methyl-1H-indole -- associated with fecal and mothball odors -- are the primary contributors to the musty and moldy scents of cocoa beans.

     https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/04/210428132944.htm

     
    Butyrate (
    butyric acid) and indole don't smell exactly the same, but they are both extremely pungent, foul-smelling organic compounds produced in the gut
    , often described with similar unpleasant, fecal, or fermented notes (like vomit, strong cheese, or bad socks),

     

    why alcohol causes depression: Lung damage from ethanol converted to acetic acid as bicarbonate consumption

     We know from qigong meditation that depression is from lung organ damage and alcohol is claimed to cause depression....

    0.08% or a blood serum concentration of ~17 mM ethanol []. The conversion of ethanol to acetic acid is nearly 1:1, with ~95% of ethanol converted to acetic acid []. Thus, for 17 mM of ethanol consumed, the predicted amount of acetic acid produced would be ~16–17 mM. To buffer or neutralize this concentration of protons, roughly 17 mM of bicarbonate would be consumed. The normal concentration of bicarbonate in the serum is ~23–28 mM [,]. This bicarbonate consumption creates a high acid load, generating compensatory mechanisms within the kidneys and lungs to maintain pH homeostasis [,,].
    Low bicarbonate in the lungs
    often means the blood is too acidic (metabolic acidosis), with the lungs trying to compensate by breathing out more carbon dioxide (CO2), leading to deep, fast breaths...kidneys then excrete bicarbonate to compensate, lowering its level....Fast, deep breaths (Kussmaul breathing), headache, confusion, fatigue, rapid heartbeat, nausea, vomiting.

    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10886048/ 

     acetaldehyde that is not converted to acetic acid/acetate and remains in circulation passing to the lungs is exhaled in its gaseous state. Second, in a report published in 1929 by Bowen and Tietz, they noted that acetaldehyde shaken in the presence of oxygen (auto-oxidation) produced a peroxide, identified as peracetic acid []. These authors also noted that this type of reaction and similar reactions produced a “long chain mechanism” [], which would be consistent with what is now a free radical-type mechanism.

     ...................

     peracetic acid was more cytotoxic than sodium hypochlorite (bleach) [].

     acetic acid/acetate directly fed into the citric acid cycle to generate ATP, it had to be rather benign []. Indeed, glucose and L-lactate are both feedstock for the generation of ATP [] and at face value, would appear benign. Glucose is consumed and L-lactic acid/lactate can be released into circulation and rapidly cleared following exercise []. However, both are kept within tight tolerance in humans and drastic deviations from these homeostatic values (glucose 4.0–6.0 mM [] and L-lactic acid/lactate <2.0 mM) [] can produce profound effects on physiological function [,].

      equivalent to a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.2% the time of metabolism influenced serum acetate concentrations, with peak serum acetate concentrations measured at ~4.2 mM in male rats and ~3.9 mM in female rats (unpublished data

     acetate-based hemodialysis solutions increased levels of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and nitric oxide (NO) [,], a powerful radical which stimulates vasodilation [,,]. Several studies have also identified acetate-induced elevations in tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFa) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), both mediators of NOS []. This was seen in dialysis buffers containing as little as 4 mM acetate []. A likely mechanism through which ethanol produces vasodilation is through ethanol’s metabolism to acetic acid/acetate, which stimulates production of NOS and NO (Figure 1B).

     the major compound driving alcohol-induced cardiomyopathy [,] may be acetate rather than ethanol, and as such, future studies of chronic acetate seem warranted.

      The acidic hydrogen on acetic acid and the excess carbon dioxide cause activation of (1) peripheral chemoreceptors located in the carotid sinus and aortic arches, and (2) neural control centers in the brain, which control sympathetic outflow and increase sympathetic nerve activity (SNA)

     fascinating!

     acetic acid increases NOS activity and NO production, which leads to vasodilation [,,]. Arterial baroreceptors located in the carotid sinus and aortic arch [] would relay the resultant drop in blood pressure to neural control centers, which regulate cardiovascular function [] (Figure 1C). These neural control centers then increase SNA to constrict the vasculature in an attempt to maintain homeostasis []. Third, the acid load generated from the acetic acid and/or excess carbon dioxide would similarly be sensed by the peripheral chemoreceptors, also located in the carotid sinus and aortic arch. And, in the same type of neural feedback loop as the arterial baroreceptor activation, chemoreceptor activation would also increase SNA and constrict the peripheral vasculature [,,,]. Thus, the complex vasoconstriction and vasodilation effects of ethanol consumption [] can be explained when looking at the effects being driven by acetic acid and not ethanol per se.

     serum acetate is still elevated, typically remaining elevated for 12–24 h post ethanol metabolism [,]. As such, reasonable evidence exists that suggests acetate may be a lead compound in driving the ethanol-induced effects on cardiovascular function from a centrally mediated standpoint.

      the stark sex difference in acetic acid-induced NMDAR responses may potentially underlie the greater propensity for females to experience accelerated AUD and suffer greater alcohol-induced neurodegeneration compared to males.

     Chronic ethanol use, and elevated acetic acid/acetate from its metabolism, would be anticipated to contribute to end organ damage due to increased sympathetic outflow and is potentially further exacerbated by ethanol/acetate-induced dysregulation of NO signaling. Dysregulation of NO signaling is a major finding in essential hypertension [,,,]. Furthermore, since alcohol and acetic acid/acetate are capable of crossing the blood–brain barrier, the impact of the brain’s metabolism of ethanol on neural control of cardiovascular function also needs to be studied.

     

     

    Early music training proven to increase empathy, social, cognitive control, and verbal skills: Assal Habibi

     https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aYR4Gz76Pl8

     Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States

    Assal Habibi

    Associate Research Professor of Psychology, University of Southern California
    Verified email at usc.edu
    Cited by 2575
     Kraus, N., and Chandrasekaran, B. 2010. Music training for the development of
    auditory skills. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 11:599–605. doi: 10.1038/nrn2882
    2. Habibi, A., Cahn, B. R., Damasio, A., and Damasio, H. 2016. Neural correlates of
    accelerated auditory processing in children engaged in music training
    . Dev.
    Cogn. Neurosci. 21:1–14. doi: 10.1016/j.dcn.2016.04.003
    3. Kirschner, S., and Tomasello, M. 2010. Joint music making promotes prosocial
    behavior in 4-year-old children.
    Evol. Hum. Behav.
    31:354–64. doi: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2010.04.004
    4. Habibi, A., Damasio, A., Ilari, B., Veiga, R., Joshi, A. A., Leahy, R. M., et al. 2018.
    Childhood music training induces change in micro and macroscopic brain
    structure: results from a longitudinal study. Cereb. Cortex.
    2:4336–47. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhx286
    5. Good, A., and Russo, F. A. 2016. Singing promotes cooperation in a diverse
    group of children.
    Soc. Psychol. 47:340–4. doi: 10.1027/1864-9335/a000282
    6. Schellenberg, E. G., Corrigall, K. A., Dys, S. P., and Malti, T. 2015. Group music
    training and children’s prosocial skills
    . PLoS ONE.
    10:e0141449. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141449
    7. Welch, G. F., Himonides, E., Saunders, J., Papageorgi, I., and Sarazin, M. 2014.
    Singing and social inclusion. Front. Psychol.
    5:803. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00803
    8. Rabinowitch, T.-C., Cross, I., and Burnard, P. 2013. Long-term musical group
    interaction has a positive influence on empathy in children.
    Psychol. Music.
    41:484–98. doi: 10.1177/03057356124406

    Reporting Guidelines for Music-based Interventions checklist: explanation and elaboration guide

    …, TL Golden, C Gold, JR Iversen, A Habibi… - Frontiers in …, 2025 - frontiersin.org
    Background Detailed intervention reporting is essential to interpretation, replication, and
    eventual translation of Music-based Interventions (MBIs) into practice. Despite availability of …Save Cite Cited by 18 Related articles All 4 versions

    Music‐based interventions in community settings: Navigating the tension between rigor and ecological validity

    A Habibi, G Kreutz, F Russo… - Annals of the New York …, 2022 - Wiley Online Library
    Empirical research of community‐based music interventions has advanced to investigate
    the individual, social, and educational implications of arts‐for‐wellbeing practices. Here, we …Save

    Mind wandering during creative incubation predicts increases in creative performance in a writing task

    C McDaniel, A Habibi, J Kaplan - Scientific Reports, 2025 - nature.com
    Previous studies suggest that taking breaks from creative problem solving (ie, incubation
    periods) enhances subsequent performance, possibly due to mind wandering during these …Save

    Music‐Evoked Nostalgia Activates Default Mode and Reward Networks Across the Lifespan

    …, P Janata, T Ginsberg, J Kaplan, A Habibi - Human brain …, 2025 - Wiley Online Library
    Nostalgia is a mixed emotion that is often evoked by music. Nostalgic music may induce
    temporary improvements in autobiographical memory in individuals with cognitive decline. …Save

    Long-term music instruction is partially associated with the development of socioemotional skills

    J Villanueva, B Ilari, A Habibi - Plos one, 2024 - journals.plos.org
    This study aims to investigate the development of pitch-matching, rhythmic entrainment, and
    socioemotional skills in children who received formal music instruction and other non-music …Save Cite Cited by 6 Related articles All 6 versions

    Speech‐in‐noise perception in musicians and non‐musicians: a multi‐level meta-analysis

    S Hennessy, WJ Mack, A Habibi - Hearing Research, 2022 - Elsevier
    Speech-in-noise perception, the ability to hear a relevant voice within a noisy background,
    is important for successful communication. Musicians have been reported to perform better …Save

    Reporting Guidelines for Music-based Intervention: an update and validation study

    …, M Belgrave, J Bradt, C Gold, A Habibi… - Frontiers in …, 2025 - frontiersin.org
    Background Detailed intervention reporting is essential to interpretation, replication, and
    translation of music-based interventions (MBIs). The 2011 Reporting Guidelines for Music-…Save Cite Cited by 16 Related articles All 5 versions

    Longitudinal Effects of Continuous Music Training on Cognitive Development: Evidence From the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study

    A Habibi, E Hsu, J Villanueva… - Annals of the New York …, 2025 - Wiley Online Library
    Music training has been associated with the development of cognitive and language skills,
    yet large‐scale longitudinal studies exploring these relationships are still limited. Drawing on …Save

    Unique affective profile of music-evoked nostalgia: An extension and conceptual replication of Barrett et al.'s (2010) study.

    S Hennessy, T Greer, S Narayanan, A Habibi - Emotion, 2024 - psycnet.apa.org
    Nostalgia is a mixed emotion, often evoked by music. This study sought to conceptually
    replicate and extend Barrett et al.’s (see record 2010-09991-008) pioneering work exploring …Save

    Stressalyzer: Convolutional neural network framework for personalized stress classification

    RK Sah, MJ Cleveland, A Habibi… - 2022 44th Annual …, 2022 - ieeexplore.ieee.org
    Stress detection and monitoring is an active area of research with important implications for
    an individual's personal, professional, and social health. Current approaches for stress …
    Save Cite Cited by 22 Related articles All 5 versions

    As Infectious diseases went down, Autoimmune diseases went up just as much (MS, asthma, allergies): Bacteria secret

     https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FfYd7THTlKs

    We have as many intestinal anaerobic bacteria in our body as human cells....during the first year of life the gut bacteria are determined... we feed the bacteria with our food... and the bacteria are like another organ in our body....

     Amish don't have asthma because they have close contact with their barns....

     The Hutterites are obsessed with cleaning and have no close contact with their cows but otherwise the same as the Amish. Hutterites have four times more asthma....

     

     

    Kangaroo Care proven to improve "physiological synchronicity" by immature baby with mother

     https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YQDpbTKmsQo

     

    "Hybrid incompatibilities" with Neanderthals and Denisovans even though they are not different species

     

     https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ra6sKKDvA3M

    So Reich has stated about 40% of the Neanderthal genome exists in modern humans - spread out as 2 to 3% give or take a half percent per modern person out of Africa. West Africans have much less Neanderthal DNA but much more "archaic ghost" DNA.... Meanwhile some Asians have more Denisovan DNA and both Denisovans and Neanderthals interbred with earlier Homo species....

    So that means there are at least three ancient Homo Sapiens that are considered "common groups" with Homo Sapien Sapiens...AI says:

     Homo sapiens sapiens specifically denotes the subspecies of anatomically modern humans, a term used when distinguishing us from archaic human relatives like Neanderthals (sometimes classified as H. sapiens neanderthalensis). While Homo sapiens sapiens was used more frequently in the past to highlight our uniqueness,...Homo sapiens is a broader classification that includes subspecies and archaic humans 

     modern humans encountering other human species...