William Robert Plumlee, "Tosh" or Robert "Tosh" Plumlee - exposes Lee Harvey Oswald as CIA operative turned patsy

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XiNckw0Whg4 part 1 STill tokin' podcast

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yGj_s3IQWZ0 part 2

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ddAb5GHKJ-k Ciphered Past podcast

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=87-eO2-W08I

CIA Insider Tosh Plumlee: The "Abort Mission" & The Secret School of Illusionary Warfare

CIA Contract Pilot Attended the School of Illusionary Warfare with Lee Harvey Oswald in ‘58 TrineDay Books releases memoire of Robert "Tosh" Plumlee, Deep Cover, Shallow Graves, a covert contract pilot who claims to have participated in numerous clandestine U.S. intelligence operations beginning in the early 1950s and continuing through the Cold War. The book combines autobiography, political history, and investigative narrative centered on Plumlee’s involvement in covert aviation missions linked to U.S. intelligence agencies, anti-Castro Cuban operations, organized crime figures, and eventually the events surrounding the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. According to former CIA officer and co-author of the book Cult of Intelligence, Victor Marchetti, The School of Illusionary Warfare was considered a top-secret government blacksite. It was located on an old World War II submarine base on the Outer Banks of North Carolina and run by the Office of Naval Intelligence, the oldest intelligence organization in the United States. Marchetti wrote that no one outside of a tight circle of instructors and recruits even knew about its existence. The School of Illusionary Warfare was an offshoot of MK-Ultra and used the techniques developed by director Sidney Gottlieb to create a new type of soldier – a super soldier, if you will, who was mentally strong and psychologically prepared to fight the new brain warfare through a combination of techniques known as psych ops. CIA contact pilot William “Tosh” Plumlee in his new book Deep Cover Shallow Graves describes how he attend the School of Illusionary in the summer of 1958 with fifty-four other students including a young operative named Lee Harvey Oswald. “All of us in my class were young, naive, patriotic and the product of broken homes. In other words, we were impressionable,” he reports. While stationed in Miami and flying weapons for the CIA to supply Fidel Castro and his rebels in the mountains Cuba, Plumlee was approached by CIA official Wild Bill Harvey and told to attend the school. He was later introduced to another CIA officer named George Joannides who was running the psychology warfare program taught at Nags Head – a program designed by the infamous Sidney Gottlieb, director of the MK-Ultra Program under CIA director Allen Dulles. Dulles and Gottlieb both believed there were ways to influence and control the human mind that could lead to an advantage over our Soviet enemies in the Cold War. On April 10, 1953 Allen Dulles described the impetus behind the psychological warfare program in a speech to the alumni of Princeton University. “In the past few years we have become accustomed to hearing much about the battle for men’s minds – the war of ideologies,” he said. “I wonder, however, whether we clearly perceive the magnitude of the problem, whether we realize how sinister the battle for men’s minds has become in Soviet hands. We might call it, in its new form, ‘brain warfare.’” Three weeks later as part of what Dulles referred to as “brain warfare” he approved MK-Ultra, a top-secret CIA program to control the human mind via electro-shock therapy, hypnosis, polygraphs, radiation, and a variety of drugs, toxins, and chemicals. The Nag Head Casino and two bungalows served as classrooms when Plumlee attended the School of Illusionary Warfare. Psychological programming was the main objective at Nags Head. It was performed (or inflicted) on recruits who were taught how to use to it control other people. They learned how to infiltrate a foreign country and capture a radio station to use it to broadcast propaganda. They were taught that if they could control what was communicated to a population, they could control their thinking and their actions. According to Plumlee they also learned that if they lied well enough, people would start to believe them. Some Illusionary War training took place at another secret ONI-CIA base 150 miles northwest of Nags Head known as Point Harvey along the Albemarle Sound. Back then it was the site of hardcore MK-Ultra drug experiments. The base was also used to train assassins and was where the 1stDemotions Section and the 101st Airborne Division – known as the Filthy Thirteen – trained during World War II. The Dirty Thirteen was the inspiration for the hit movie The Dirty Dozen starring Ernest Borgnine, Charles Bronson and Jim Brown. Students were tested for abilities like remote viewing, the ability to plant an idea in a subject’s mind and predicting future events. Those who showed aptitude in those areas were selected for further training. They were taught techniques to influence a subject’s decision-making. Instructors used sublimation to communicate directly to students’ subconscious minds. According to Plumlee, they were hypnotized regularly. While under hypnosis they were programmed with instructions – like, never compromise a mission; complete your objective; yours is not to reason why, it is simply to do, or die; the mission is more important than your life. As the 55 students progressed with the training, they were separated into specialized groups. Students who went into MK-Ultra were given drugs like LSD to manipulate their mental states, break down their conscious minds and program their unconscious minds to perform specific tasks. Plumlee contends that some of them later became assassins and were dispatched to places like Haight Ashbury in San Francisco and Vietnam. In Lee Harvey Oswald’s case, he was placed in advance Russian studies and was being groomed to defect to the Soviet Union with another eight to ten other recruits, This is from an interview former CIA officer Victor Marchetti did with author Anthony Summers in the late ‘70s: At the time, in 1959, the United States was having real difficulty in acquiring information out of the Soviet Union; the technical systems had, of course, not developed to the point that they are at today, and we were resorting to all sorts of activities. One of these activities was an ONI (Office of Naval Intelligence) program which involved three dozen, maybe forty, young men who were made to appear disenchanted, poor, American youths who had become turned off and wanted to see what communism was all about. Some of these people lasted only a few weeks. They were sent into the Soviet Union, or into eastern Europe, with the specific intention the Soviets would pick them up and “double” them if they suspected them of being US agents, or recruit them as KGB

After completing the eight-week course, Plumlee ran into Oswald several other times before Oswald was arrested in Dallas and later killed. He saw him in early 1959 while Plumlee was taking a jungle warfare course in Honolulu. His cover was that he was a flight instructor for Hickam Aeroservice. Nights in Honolulu, Plumlee frequented the Shell Bar on Waikiki Boulevard where all the second lieutenant trainees hung out. One night he walked in and saw Oswald sitting there with some other young military-looking guys dressed in civilian clothes. Lee and Plumlee acknowledged one another, and one of the guys in Oswald’s group told him that they were about to take a ship to return to Atsugi Naval Airbase in Japan. There Oswald continued radar training at the U-2 base before defecting to the Soviet Union in October 1959. The hope was, according to former CIA officer Victor Marchetti, that the KGB would try to turn Oswald into an agent, which would give the CIA valuable penetration into the KGB. But things didn’t go as planned. According to KGB defector Yuri Nosenko, instead of recruiting Oswald as an agent, the Russians viewed him with suspicion and sent him to Minsk in Byelorussia to work as a lathe factory making televisions and radios. There in March 1961, he met a pretty nineteen-year-old pharmacy student named Marina Prusakova and they married six weeks later. Tosh Plumlee ran into Oswald again in the spring of 1963 after Oswald had returned to the US and was living in Dallas. Plumlee remembered that he had just finished flying mobsters Johnny Roselli and John Martino from Houston to Galveston. His next trip was Houston to Dallas to coordinate arms shipments for the anti-Castro rebels. He met Oswald sometime in the month of April at a CIA safehouse run Alpha 66 member Manuel Rodriguez Orcarberrio, which stood directly behind an apartment Lee and his family were renting on 214 W. Neely Street in a section of Dallas known as Oak Cliff. According to real estate records, from March 2nd to April 24th, 1963, Oswald lived upstairs with Marina and their baby daughter, June, paying $60 per month, plus utilities. It was there in the backyard eight months before the Kennedy assassination where Oswald allegedly persuaded Marina to snap three photos of him posing proudly with the Italian WWII military surplus Mannlicher-Carcano rifle and scope he had just purchased for $21.45 from a Chicago mail order company. It’s the same rifle that was later found on the Sixth Floor of the Dallas Book Depository Building minutes after the assassination. When Plumlee saw Lee at the safehouse, he assumed Lee had some sort of relationship with the anti-Castro Cubans. The two men recognized each other from Nags Head and talked briefly about where they had been and what they had been involved in. Plumlee reports that they had maybe three conversations over the course of the next two months at various CIA safehouses in the Dallas area, including one on Beckley Avenue, one near Sunset High School and another on Hallendale. There was no doubt in Plumlee’s mind that Oswald was an operative, either for the CIA or military intelligence. As operatives, they knew not to discuss operations, personal information or politics. Plumlee learned later that among the things Lee was doing was serving as a confidential informer for the FBI, which was trying to gain information on the anti-Castro Cuban’s activities. The FBI suspected that the Cubans were involved in stealing weapons from the National Guard Armory at Dallas Love Field. Also involved in the anti-Castro gunrunning operation was a mobster and strip club owner named Jack Ruby. Once, Oswald traced a .30 caliber machine gun that had been stolen from the National Guard Armory to a pawn shop near a CIA safehouse on Sunset Boulevard near Sunset High School run by Alpha 66 member Cecil Hernandez. When Oswald passed this information to the FBI, he was paid $50. Otherwise, Oswald struck Plumlee as something of a loner, meaning that he didn’t hang out with a lot of people. Nor did he frequent bars like the Cubans. Plumlee also sensed that he and Marina had a strained relationship. Some nights he could hear them shouting at one another. The only time Plumlee saw Marina was when she and Lee were having a loud argument on the balcony of the Nealy Street apartment they were renting. He watched then from the safehouse across the alley. The next time Plumlee saw Oswald was that night on TV after he had been arrested as the lone suspect in the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. Already, the FBI was putting out the story that he was a lone nut who had killed the president in a desperate bid for fame. Plumlee suspected something much more sinister was at foot. He also believed Lee was truthful in his assertion to the press that he was “just a patsy.” Lee was being held in a cell at Dallas Police Department and Dallas Municipal headquarters at 2014 Main Street which is crudely joined to a newer annex that shares the underground parking lot where Oswald would be gunned down by bar owner Jack Ruby two days later. On the fifth floor of the Municipal Building is the location of the jail cell where Oswald and, later, Ruby were confined. On the third-floor are the corridors and detective offices where Oswald underwent twelve hours of interrogation and later took part in an impromptu press conference where he denied any involvement in the president’s assassination. The Municipal Building is also where Oswald requested that the operator place two calls to phone numbers in North Carolina the night before he was killed. Around a quarter to ten Alveeta A. Treon arrived for her shift at the telephone switchboard. Treon was there to relieve her co-worker, Louise Swinney, who had been given orders by their supervisor to assist two men in listening to a call that would come through their switchboard. Treon assumed the men were Secret Service. She suspected that Lee Harvey Oswald, the accused assassin who was being held there, would be making another call. He had already phoned his Russian wife, Marina, and an ACLU lawyer in New York. This call was treated differently. Oswald rang the switchboard at a quarter till 11, Dallas Time. Swinney took the call and scribbled Oswald’s information as the two self-proclaimed Secret Service men listened in. “I was dumbfounded at what happened next,” Treon later told a Senate investigator. “Swinney told (Oswald, ‘I’m sorry, the number doesn’t answer.’ Swinney then unplugged and disconnected Oswald without ever really trying to put the call through.

Afterward, Swinney tore the sheet from her notepad and threw it into the trash. When her shift ended, she left. Treon retrieved the wadded piece of paper from the trash and copied the information onto a standard long-distance telephone call slip to save as a souvenir. The slip reveals that Oswald had given Treon two phone numbers and a name associated with one of them – “John Hurt” and “Raleigh N.C.”  A decade later independent researcher Michael Canfield secured a copy of the slip, while conducting research for his book Coup d’Etat in America. When Canfield called and spoke to John Hurt of Raleigh, NC, Hurt said he didn’t know Oswald, but revealed, “I was in the counterintelligence corps in the Army during World War II.” In an interview with JFK researcher and university dean Walter Proctor, Victor Marchetti – the 14-year CIA veteran who had served as executive assistant to Deputy Director Richard Helms – revealed that in calling Hurt, Oswald was clearly following standard procedure for a CIA asset under duress. “[Oswald] was probably calling his cut-out. He was calling somebody who could put him in touch with his case officer,” Marchetti told Proctor. “He couldn’t go beyond that person. There’s no way he could. He just had to depend on this person to say, ‘OK, I’ll deliver the message.’ Now, if the cut-out has already been alerted to cut him off and ignore him, then …”  “Marchetti was absolutely correct,” Plumlee reports.  “As an operative that’s exactly the same procedure I would have followed.”  But Marchetti, Proctor, Canfield and others all seemed to have forgotten the second number Oswald was trying to reach that night. It belonged to CIA operative Edward Gibbons Moore II, who was the manager of the Nags Head Casino. The casino in the ‘50s and ‘60s was operating as a CIA cut-out base. Says Plumlee, “All of us operatives who were trained at the School of Illusionary Warfare had that number and knew to call Moore if we drank too much and got arrested or had another kind of run-in with law enforcement. We’d call Ed Moore and he would arrange to have the problem taken care of.” Oswald was trying to enlist Moore’s help the night before he died, but the call was never placed. The two men posing as Secret Service agents made sure of that.  The Nags Head casino was later used to house Cuban survivors of the Bay of Pigs. In the ‘70s when Moore was called to testify before the Church Committee and started to spill the beans about Nags Head and his activities, the government accused and found him guilty of trying sell documents to the Soviet Union. (I refer you to the May 5, 1977 article by Robert Meyers in the Washington Post - https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1977/05/06/moore-guilty-of-trying-to-sell-ciafiles/e7987987-a9f0-434f-b8ce-55601f215fa9/) It was their way of discrediting Moore.  Plumlee says, “I have no doubt that Lee was innocent. He never tried to kill President Kennedy. He was a young patriot like me from a broken family who was recruited and trained to complete clandestine missions for the government.”  He continues, “Like one of our instructors at Nags Head told me in the summer of ’58, ‘You’re not intelligent enough to be agents, or you wouldn’t be in this unit. You’re nothing but cannon fodder.’”

Deep Cover, Shallow Graves by Robert "Tosh" Plumlee with Ralph Pezzullo Available for pre-order, out April 14, 2026 at: https://trineday.com/collections/upcoming-releases/products/deep-cover-shallow-graves

Iran shows solidarity with Multicultural Minneapolis against the Drumpf fascist regime!

 

 is this the best and finest of the U.S.? 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

the secret 12 dancers of ancient sacrifice religion as 12 apostles of the One Logos: Eye of the Devil movie 1966

 thanks for Prof. Robert M. Price for recommending that film as demonstrative of gnostic Mithraism...

 

 

 

 This appears to be a Gurdjieffian film in my view....but I guess it's more Cathar heresy... or Templar..

In the 1966 film

Eye of the Devil, Bellenac (or Bellinach) is an ancient, isolated estate and vineyard located in rural France, specifically in the Bordeaux region

this rural estate to address the failing crops through what is revealed to be a sinister, blood-based ritual, which the locals believe is necessary to restore fertility to the land

 So... the idea of Paul was that Gentiles needed Jesus to be sacrificed as atonement for lacking true faith of Yahweh... and the Jews did not need this...but that does not stop the idea of sacred sacrifice in general....

 The secret of the 12 is the noncommutative Logos as the Small Universe yoga meditation -  Daoist alchemy or Kriya yoga or Mithraism of Zoroastrianism.....

 Eye of the Devil (1966) is perhaps one of the moodiest, atmospheric gems in the canon of the 1960s horror films – a haunting blend of occult, folk horror, and psychological thriller, steeped in Gothic ambience and existential dread. Its themes of rural paganism and sacrificial logic prefigure The Wicker Man (1973).

 so the idea is that the 13th as Christ before Jesus Christ is hypnotized to willingly be sacrificed to maintain fertility of the Earth.... 

It's a pretty fascinating spin on religion a la The Golden Bough by James Frazer.... And is it true? Qigong master Jiang Feng keeled over while healing someone too fast. Certainly to be a spiritual master with miraculous powers requires great self-sacrifice.... and the qigong master I trained with said his heart stopped for two hours! He was walking around beyond death....

 Donald Pleasence as a man of the cloth, Sharon Tate as a witchy woman who can turn toads into doves, and David Hemmings as a guy who loves to pierce those doves with his arrows and expert aim. Also, there’s a cult of black hooded robe-wearing folks on the premises with a thirst for sacrifice. Yep, Catherine’s a prisoner; don’t you wish you’d listened to your spouse, girl?

 https://www.okgazette.com/arts-culture/eye-of-the-devil-2945939/

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_of_the_Devil

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Oral-Anal contact by male sex with men (MSM) causing up to 30 different STI infections

  Enteric Infections in Men Who Have Sex With Men Free Candice J McNeil , Robert D Kirkcaldy , Kimberly Workowski Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 74, Issue Supplement_2, 15 April 2022

 Enteric Infections in Men Who Have Sex With Men

Candice J McNeil ,

Robert D Kirkcaldy ,

Kimberly Workowski 

Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 74, Issue Supplement_2, 15 April 2022

 

 Gaudreau et al [11, 13] reported outbreaks of C. jejuni infections in Quebec, Canada, among MSM who did not share common food sources. Outbreaks of C. coli were also reported in MSM during an overlapping timeframe where recent sexual exposure was reported in addition to reports of condomless sex and visits to bathhouses or sex clubs in some of the men [12, 14]. Similarly, Marchand-Senécal et al [21] noted that 12 of 13 men identified in a C. fetus cluster investigation reported sexual contact with men, 

 7 of the 13 were documented with 30 STIs other than HIV within 3 years of their Campylobacter infection.

  same-sex partnerships among men were associated with EH infection (positive serology or antigen and PCR). Additionally, they used genomic analysis to find that clusters of EH occurred in geographically unrelated patients, suggesting that person-to-person transmission may be occurring. Quinn et al reviewed the etiology of anorectal infections in MSM and reported a case of EH anorectal infection with stool wet mount positive for EH trophozoites and stool studies positive for EH and giardia cysts in MSM

 Because oral–anal contact during sex may be common among sexually active MSM, this population may be disproportionately affected;

 Estimated prevalence and associations of sexually transmissible bacterial enteric pathogens in
asymptomatic men who have sex with men:

 bacterial enteric pathogen detection was more frequent in MSM 

 Pathogens with a low inoculum dose are likely to be more transmissible from person to person through sexual contact in particular when the risk of faecal contamination increase such as with oral-anal sex, 

............

  We have estimated the pooled prevalence of Shigella spp, Campylo-bacter spp, diarrhoeagenic E. coli and Salmonella spp in asymptomatic MSM attending sexual health clinics and highlight some
important associations.

 https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Daniel-Richardson-10/publication/378969235_Factors_associated_with_Entamoeba_histolytica_proctocolitis_in_men_who_have_sex_with_men_a_systematic_review/links/65f40b8f32321b2cff7b4707/Factors-associated-with-Entamoeba-histolytica-proctocolitis-in-men-who-have-sex-with-men-a-systematic-review.pdf

 

Walkers increase risk of falling! Disuse Atrophy from Assisted Medical Devices (AMD) for mobility

 As Shane says, ‘you only get old when you stop walking'

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1NXpnf8-LU8

it’s important for our mood, our happiness and our wellbeing.

 

Yes, substantial muscle breakdown and atrophy occur within just 5 days of disuse (bed rest or immobilization) in the elderly. Older adults are particularly vulnerable, losing muscle mass and strength at a faster rate than younger individuals, often experiencing significant declines in leg strength after only a few days of inactivity ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24168489/#:~:text=Substantial%20skeletal%20muscle%20loss%20occurs%20during%20only%205%20days%20of%20disuse.

 Collisions between the swing-foot and mobility aid were remarkably frequent when using the walker (60% of stepping reactions)... attempts to lift the walker out of the way occurred rarely and were usually impeded due to collision between the contralateral walker post and stance foot. The fact that compensatory stepping behavior....

Although assistive devices, such as walkers and canes are often prescribed to aid in balance control, recent studies have suggested that such devices may actually increase risk of falling. In this study, we investigated one possible mechanism: the potential for walkers or canes to interfere with, or constrain, lateral movement of the feet and thereby impede execution of compensatory stepping reactions during lateral loss of balance.

 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0966636203000985

 using a RW [rolling walker] for ambulation might result in the user developing a gait pattern with a slower speed, smaller steps, increased stance time, and decreased swing time. The results seemed to indicate that this altered gait pattern may become more apparent the longer an individual uses a RW for ambulation assistance.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167494308000472

Disuse atrophy from using a walker

occurs when reduced leg muscle activation leads to rapid muscle mass and strength loss, sometimes starting within 5 days. While walkers provide necessary stability, over-reliance or improper use can cause muscles to break down from inactivity, as the device shares the load. 

Key Aspects of Disuse Atrophy and Walkers

• How it Happens: A walker is meant to assist mobility. However, if a user relies entirely on it, their leg muscles (especially quads and glutes) are not fully engaged, causing them to shrink and weaken.
• Rapid Progression: Inactivity leads to muscle strength loss within 1-2 weeks. In elderly patients, disease-related immobilization can cause significant thigh muscle mass reduction, leading to further mobility issues.
• The Vicious Cycle: Weakness from atrophy encourages more dependence on the walker, which can lead to further weakness.
• Symptoms: Signs include leg weakness, fatigue, difficulty standing up, and increased difficulty walking without the device....
•  
  Regular walking improves brain health by increasing blood flow, enhancing cognitive function, increasing hippocampus size, and reducing dementia risk. Consistent, brisk walking (e.g., 30-40 mins, 3-5 times/week) triggers neuroprotective mechanisms, reduces stress hormones like cortisol, and strengthens neural connectivity, specifically supporting executive functions, memory, and, according to a 2021 study, the white matter of the brain
  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10441758/
   
   

  This Rehab research Ph.D. thesis 2021 from Canada proves what I was explaining to you:

  However, emerging studies revealed the potential attentional demand of rollator use, as well as falls and injuries attributed to usage. Despite the increasing dependence on rollators by the aging population, limited knowledge exists of the contextual, demographic, physical, and cognitive characteristics of the older adults who use these assistive mobility devices [AMDs], which are crucial to determining the association between rollator use and falls. ...

   (1) the dual-tasking effect of rollators on gait performance, and (2) a positive association between fall history of older adults and the interaction effect of being a rollator user and dual-task step-time variability.

  2021 Ph.D. rehab science thesis https://utoronto.scholaris.ca/server/api/core/bitstreams/5803abdb-90ef-4a47-ba03-8b11d0b536c6/content

   cadence was significantly lower while DT [Dual Task talking and] walking with the rollator compared to without. ....

  AMD [assisted medical device] use did not improve DT [dual task] walking performance; rather, it caused further degradation that resulted in slower gait compared to unassisted DT walking, especially for rollator users. 

  This is a clinically relevant finding since older-adult users of AMDs are believed to be at higher risks of falling if their capacity to perform dual-tasking cannot meet the attentional demands of the contextual environment, which could lead to trips, falls, and missteps while using the rollator or cane (Boisgontier et al., 2013; Muir-Hunter & Montero-Odasso, 2017; Tung et al., 2011).

  
  

   Posture. Kyphosis is characterized by forward-flexed posture and has been associated with
  increased fall risk (Kado et al., 2007; Van Der Jagt-Willems et al., 2015) and impaired mobility
  (Balzini et al., 2003). According to Balzini et al.'s (2003) classification of OWD measurements
  (mild: ≤ 5cm, moderate: 5.1-8cm, and severe: >8cm), rollator users’ mean OWD (SD) is
  classified as severe kyphosis (10.65cm (4.50)) whereas the No-AMD group has moderate
  kyphosis (7.79cm (2.79)).

  rollator users will demonstrate a significant increase in relative risk for the predictor variables of fall history (gait, balance, strength, demographics, and dual-task walking measures). This study’s findings revealed that the
  (2) interaction of rollator user with DT step-time variability was significantly associated with the
  fall history in partial support of the hypothesis. RR estimate demonstrated that the interaction of
  DT step-time variability and rollator user is significantly associated with fall history among
  rollator users relative to the non-AMD older-adult group. 

  Specifically, medical professionals, including therapists, have increasingly
  prescribed rollators to help older adults improve and maintain their independence while ensuring
  safety in community mobility (Bradley & Hernandez, 2011; Liu, 2009; Samuelsson & Wressle,
  2008; Schreiber et al., 2017). However, a growing body of literature has reported that rollator use places a significant attentional demand on the older adults during walking (Hunter et al., 2019a,
  2019b, 2020b; Muir & Montero-Odasso, 2017; Wellmon et al., 2006). The existing related
  literature, on the other hand, has not investigated the dual-tasking effect of rollator use on actual
  experienced older-adult rollator users without reported cognitive impairment, and with and
  without aid during dual-task and single-task walking....However,
  emerging studies revealed the potential attentional demand of rollator use, as well as falls and injuries attributed to usage.

Elderly extremely vulnerable to muscle breakdown from just a few days of disuse as "disuse atrophia": Rollator debunked!!

 However, emerging studies revealed the potential attentional demand of rollator use, as well as falls and injuries attributed to usage. Despite the increasing dependence on rollators by the aging population, limited knowledge exists of the contextual, demographic, physical, and cognitive characteristics of the older adults who use these assistive mobility devices, which are crucial to determining the association between rollator use and falls. ...

 (1) the dual-tasking effect of rollators on gait performance, and (2) a positive association between fall history of older adults and the interaction effect of being a rollator user and dual-task step-time variability.

2021 Ph.D. rehab science thesis

 cadence was significantly lower while DT [Dual Task talking and] walking with the rollator compared to without. ....

AMD use did not improve DT walking performance; rather, it caused further degradation that resulted in slower gait compared to unassisted DT walking, especially for rollator users. ...This is a clinically relevant finding since older-adult users of AMDs are
believed to be at higher risks of falling if their capacity to perform dual-tasking cannot meet the attentional demands of the contextual environment, which could lead to trips, falls, and missteps while using the rollator or cane (Boisgontier et al., 2013; Muir-Hunter & Montero-Odasso, 2017;
Tung et al., 2011). 

 Posture. Kyphosis is characterized by forward-flexed posture and has been associated with
increased fall risk (Kado et al., 2007; Van Der Jagt-Willems et al., 2015) and impaired mobility
(Balzini et al., 2003). According to Balzini et al.'s (2003) classification of OWD measurements
(mild: ≤ 5cm, moderate: 5.1-8cm, and severe: >8cm), rollator users’ mean OWD (SD) is
classified as severe kyphosis (10.65cm (4.50)) whereas the No-AMD group has moderate
kyphosis (7.79cm (2.79)).

 rollator users will demonstrate a
significant increase in relative risk for the predictor variables of fall history (gait, balance,
strength, demographics, and dual-task walking measures). This study’s findings revealed that the (2) interaction of rollator user with DT step-time variability was significantly associated with the fall history in partial support of the hypothesis. RR estimate demonstrated that the interaction of DT step-time variability and rollator user is significantly associated with fall history among
rollator users relative to the non-AMD older-adult group. 

 However, emerging studies revealed the potential attentional demand of rollator use, as well as falls and
injuries attributed to usage.

Determining Older-Adult Rollator Users’ Characteristics, and the Effect of Rollator Use on Mobility and Its Association with Falls

 

Yes, substantial muscle breakdown and atrophy occur within just 5 days of disuse (bed rest or immobilization) in the elderly. Older adults are particularly vulnerable, losing muscle mass and strength at a faster rate than younger individuals, often experiencing significant declines in leg strength after only a few days of inactivity ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24168489/#:~:text=Substantial%20skeletal%20muscle%20loss%20occurs%20during%20only%205%20days%20of%20disuse.

 

 Older adults, especially those over 70, may suffer from muscle loss that is harder to recover, with some losing up to 15% of their strength in a single week of bed rest.

 rate of force development (RFD),...While young and old adults demonstrated similar adaptive responses in preventing the loss of skeletal muscle thickness, RFD was retained in the young only.

 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11330699/

[PDF] HUMAN MUSCLE DISUSE ATROPHY AFTER 28 DAYS OF IMMOBILIZATION IN A LOWER-LIMB WALKING BOOT: A CASE STUDY.

DS Willoughby, S Sultemeire, M Brown - Journal of Exercise Physiology …, 2003 - asep.org

… a role in atrophy in human skeletal muscle in response to 28 days of disuse. The purpose
of this case study was to examine the extent of selective muscle disuse atrophy that occurred …Cited by 11 Related articles All 4 versions 

Disuse muscle atrophy of lower limbs in hemiplegic patients

K Hachisuka, Y Umezu, H Ogata - Archives of physical medicine and …, 1997 - Elsevier

… rehabilitation, histochemical alterations of the quadriceps femoris muscle aroused our
interest, because this muscle plays an important role in stabilizing the knee joint during walking … Cited by 199 Related articles All 9 versions

[PDF] wiley.comFull View

The time course of disuse muscle atrophy of the lower limb in health and disease

EJO Hardy, TB Inns, J Hatt, B Doleman… - Journal of Cachexia …, 2022 - Wiley Online Library

… This consistent finding suggests that the mechanisms involved in disuse atrophy may vary
… atrophy in those muscle which usually contribute the most force during standing and walking… Cited by 90 Related articles All 10 versions

[PDF] physiology.org

Disuse-induced skeletal muscle atrophy in disease and nondisease states in humans: mechanisms, prevention, and recovery strategies

EA Nunes, T Stokes, J McKendry… - … of Physiology-Cell …, 2022 - journals.physiology.org

… These observations suggest that in the absence of systemic hormonal or cytokine-mediated
dysregulation, muscle disuse atrophy is governed by distinct mechanisms from those … Cited by 189 Related articles All 7 versions

Muscular atrophy following immobilisation: a review

HJ Appell - Sports medicine, 1990 - Springer

… or absence of histological changes runs throughout the literature on disuse atrophy. …
walking. However, when the volunteers were subjected to a 2-week isokinetic training programme … Cited by 557 Related articles All 7 versions

[PDF] frontiersin.org

Atrophy resistant vs. atrophy susceptible skeletal muscles:“aRaS” as a novel experimental paradigm to study the mechanisms of human disuse atrophy

JJ Bass, EJO Hardy, TB Inns, DJ Wilkinson… - Frontiers in …, 2021 - frontiersin.org

… Disuse atrophy (DA) describes inactivity-induced skeletal … exhibit differing degrees of atrophy,
despite exhibiting similar … to investigate Atrophy Resistant tibialis anterior (TA) and Atrophy …Cited by 29 Related articles All 14 versions [PDF] nih.gov

Effects of exercise on soleus in severe burn and muscle disuse atrophy

MR Saeman, K DeSpain, MM Liu, BA Carlson… - journal of surgical …, 2015 - Elsevier

… disuse. This investigation found that hindlimb disuse had an additive effect on muscle atrophy
… the prolonged metabolic changes with muscle atrophy and resultant decrease in function …Cite Cited by 35 Related articles All 9 versions

[PDF] semanticscholar.org

Prevention of post-stroke disuse muscle atrophy with a free radical scavenger

H Naritomi, H Moriwaki - Front Neurol Neurosci, 2013 - books.google.com

… of femoral muscle atrophy was significantly milder and the maximum walking speed was …
understanding the pathophysiology of disuse atrophy. Disuse atrophy of skeletal muscle occurs … Cited by 16 Related articles All 8 versions

[PDF] acu.edu.au

Temporal muscle-specific disuse atrophy during one week of leg immobilization

SP Kilroe, J Fulford, SR Jackman, LJC Van Loon… - 2020 - acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au

… skeletal muscle atrophy occurs. The relative susceptibility of different muscles of the thigh
to disuse atrophy remains uninvestigated. We assessed muscle disuse atrophy of individual …Cited by 164 Related articles All 11 versions [HTML] nih.gov

The impact of muscle disuse on muscle atrophy in severely burned rats

X Wu, LA Baer, SE Wolf, CE Wade… - Journal of Surgical …, 2010 - Elsevier

… burn and muscle disuse or, more … disuse plays an additive role in burn-induced muscle
catabolism. Therefore, in this study, we sought to test whether combining the standard Walker-… Cited by 36 Related articles All 9 versions

  disuse appeared to be the dominant factor for continuous muscle wasting  

Hoover Compact carpet Cleaner is a big success!! No more dingy dirty carpet!

 

Hoover® PowerDash® Pet+ Compact Upright Carpet Cleaner

 

I sucked/scrubbed out a few loads of dingy dirty carpet cleaning today. It took me a few runs to figure out how to use the thing. At first I didn't have the power suction part clamped on. hahhaa. Anyway I used duct tape and was going - this thing is missing a part! Then I recycled the box and there was the part!!

 

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