AI says: The premise that virtual photons possess a spin-1/2 and a magnetic moment is generally not part of Standard Model physics but appears in specialized theoretical frameworks like Noncommutative Quantum Electrodynamics (NCQED)
Noncommutative Quantum Electrodynamics (NCQED) is a theoretical extension of standard Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) where the coordinates of spacetime do not commute, meaning
Entanglement through high-energy scattering in noncommutative quantum electrodynamics
And yet, unlike in the ordinary case, noncommutative U (1) gauge fields –which give rise to photons– do interact. ...First, photons do interact and, secondly, fermion
fields with zero electric charge couple to the photon field.
These two features are consequences of the spacetime being
a noncommutative manifold.... We shall see that
when the photons which collide have opposite helicity the
concurrence has the same expression as in the case of glu-
ons studied in [40]. Hence maximal entanglement is gener-
ated if and only polar scattering angle, θ, is equal to π/2.
The same result is obtained if fermions of opposite helic-
ity collide head-on in the laboratory reference frame. ..., the noncommuta-
tive character of spacetime would leave a quantitative imprint
on the entanglement phenomenon. ... by using the spinor helicity formalism
to argue that only if the helicities of the incoming photons are
such (h1, h2) = (+, −) or (h1, h2) = (−, +), the scattering
process in (3.1) yields entanglement. Indeed, let us first recall
that, due to crossing symmetry [45], any amplitude involv-
ing two incoming and two outgoing particles is related to
the amplitude of four incoming particles upon replacing the
former two outgoing particles with their antiparticles with
opposite momentum and opposite helicity.
AI: Noncommutative QED calculations reveal that the Moyal deformation produces extra phase factors in Feynman diagrams, which can lead to violations of crossing symmetry.
The photons present in the other two modes, the scalar and the longitudinal, are considered unobservable and are referred to as “virtual particles” or “ghosts”. Here we argue that this view, which is rooted in standard quantum electrodynamics, is a consequence of assuming that charges are always dressed in such modes and that naked charges do not have an independent existence. In particular, we present a thought experiment where, assuming that naked charges can be independently manipulated, one can then measure the entanglement generated between a charge and the scalar modes. This entanglement is a direct function of the number of photons present in the scalar field. Our conclusion, therefore, is that the scalar quantum variables, under this assumption, would be as “real” as the transverse ones, where reality is defined by their ability to affect the charge. A striking consequence of this is that there is a critical value of charge beyond which we cannot detect its spatial superposition by local means.
AI: massive virtual particles, particularly those in quantum vacuum fluctuations (such as virtual electron-positron pairs), possess a magnetic moment.
https://arxiv.org/pdf/2403.03495
Chiara Marletto (Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford) on 14th October, 2025. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=liMVjbq45f0 We also perform proof-of-principle experimental emulations of the proposed witness of non-classicality, using a three-qubit Nuclear Magnetic Resonance quantum computer. Our result is robust, as it relies on minimal assumptions, and remarkably, it can be applied in a broad range of contexts, from quantum biology to quantum gravity.
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