1) Capture coal plant CO2 emissions (50% of global co2 emissions) into algae growth.
2) feed algae to cattle (reduces methane by 90%)
3) treat wastewater nitrates into algae for animal feed and biofuel (goal of 15 gigatons per year sequestered).
4) fake whale feces algae ocean "marine biomass sequestration" (goal of 35 gigatons per year)
5) Near-ocean algae farms to mummify co2 (goal of 10 gigatons per year sequestered)
6) Toxic Algae blooms mineralized and sequestered (1 gigaton per year)
7) Kelp (macroalgae) co2 sequestering
I found this quote and Sir David King saying their goal is to
sequester 35 gigatons of CO2 per year via deep ocean "fake whale poop"
hahaha. The Brilliant Planet Near ocean algae farm mummification goal is
10 gigatons of CO2 per year. Then I have found wastewater nitrate
feeding of algae for aquaculture feed, human food and biofuel as another
15 gigatons of CO2 per year.
So that's a stated goal of 60 gigatons of CO2 per year sequestered by extra algae operations!
As per below 2009 quote - is it too little too late? I have more details on my blog.
https://www.nature.com/articles/453704b
Ken Johnson, a senior scientist at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research
Institute in California. Johnson is against allowing companies to market
carbon credits yet, but he thinks that ocean fertilization is the most
viable geo-engineering option for addressing a runaway climate. "This
isn't something to rush into, but it's the only solution we've got if
climate gets out of control."
https://www.lidji.org/sir-david-king
How Whale Poop Can Help Us Remove Carbon Dioxide From the Ocean | XPRIZE
Carbon Removal 300 liters sequestered 1 ton of CO2. The plan is to
sequester up to 20 gigatons per year of CO2.
https://www.dw.com/en/artificial-whale-poop-could-save-the-planet-heres-how/a-61247529
the fake whale poop plan to sequester CO2 from increased algae growth
says they can sequester up to 20 gigatons per year. Sir David King says 2% coverage can sequester 35 gigatons per year. thanks for your
question. We currently emit 40 gigatons of CO2 per year. Raffael Jovine
who is a double Ph.D. in Marine Biology says his Near Ocean algae farms
can sequester up to 10 gigatons per year. So with enough funding and
support that's 30 gigatons per year of sequestering CO2 via near ocean
or in ocean algae. That leaves us with toxic algae blooms on the shelves
as Jim Massa mentioned - that would be sequestered with the above
hydrogen peroxide potentially offsetting 115 gigatons!
AN INTERNATIONAL project to see whether humans can artificially emulate the benefits of whale faeces
for ocean ecosystems will begin off the west coast of India within the
next two months (2022). The hope is the technique will simultaneously boost
fish populations and tackle climate change.
To comply with the London Convention, a treaty that covers the dumping
of matter in the oceans, King says the “very limited experiment” will be
small-scale and will last just three weeks or so. The main aim is to
see whether the rice husks are a good way of delivering the artificial
faeces.
https://www.newscientist.com/article/2309262-scientists-want-to-restore-the-oceans-with-artificial-whale-poo/
Six global universities and research centres, including the Institute of
Maritime Research in Goa and the College of Cape City on the Southern
Ocean, are also collaborating. Over the next three years, MBR plans to
nourish areas of the world’s seas with a Pacific-bound vessel departing
from Honolulu this September [2022] and the bi-ocean Western Cape earmarked for
early 2023.
https://theethicalist.com/fake-whale-poop-restoring-marine-biodiversity/
The baked husks – a waste product sourced from a Goan factory – were
filled with varying quantities of artificial whale poop made from iron
ore and agricultural waste’, he says. ‘We’ve
been doing a study of the deep oceans of all the world to see what
nutrients are missing. In general, it is nitrates, phosphates, silicates
and iron [which are all found naturally in whale poop]’.
The
setup used a closed system of six bags filled with seawater on which the
rice rafts floated. Over a period of three weeks, measurements were
taken of the phytoplankton produced, which is responsible for roughly
half of the photosynthesis on our planet.
https://bluegreenwatertech.com/
Microalgae produce almost half of the atmospheric O2 and consume CO2 , which account for almost 50% of the photosynthesis on Earth [17]. The algal biomass produced using anthropogenic CO2 is a carbon neutral, sustainable, and environmental friendly fuel source [18].
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335610264_Role_of_Algae_in_CO2_Sequestration_Addressing_Climate_Change_A_Review/link/62fb181eeb7b135a0e3ba030/download
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ovp43GUBLIU
well when you are relying on biomass you are just fixating on mammals
but then you say 70% of the soil is degraded or dead. So that leaves out
most of the biomass. For example the Sahara desert plays a big part in
fertilizing the Amazon rainforest soil where 50% of Earth's biodiversity
exists. So yes corporate farming destroys the soil indeed but organic
regenerative farming actually increases the soil biomass! For example
just the species of ants has as much biomass as humans. The ocean
biomass also relies on being fertilized from the desert - and yet
photosynthesis by phytoplankton in the ocean is way greater than
photosynthesis on land. So if the oceans keep getting killed off then
that will stop all life from surviving on land also. Photosynthesis
shuts down when it's too hot.
"land biomass, at ≈470 Gt C, is about two
orders of magnitude higher than the ≈6 Gt C in marine biomass,"
but the
photosynthesis rate is much greater in the oceans because the biomass
that floats doesn't have to deal with gravity - so no need to grow stems
and leaves.
"4.5 million whales have been taken out of the ocean in the
last century resulting in a net reduction in CO2 removed from the
atmosphere"
and
"Beneficial coastal algae blooms are responsible for 20%
of the global carbon cycle and are what make them 10-50x more efficient
at CO2 fixation than terrestrial plants per unit area."
So that's a
quote from the double Ph.D. Marine biologist Raffael Jovine's company
"Brilliant Planet" - they are setting up near-ocean desert algae farms
that can sequester, with enough support, 10 gigatons of CO2 per year.
The first quote is from the "Ocean Nourishment Corporation" working on
"Marine Biomass Regeneration" - they can sequester, with enough support,
13 gigatons per year.
"BlueGreen’s revolutionary technologies and water
formulations are collectively responsible for the removal of hundreds
of thousands of tons of harmful carbon from our atmosphere each year."
So that third company is using hydrogen peroxide to mineralize toxic
algae blooms.
https://www.technologyreview.com/2022/06/16/1053758/running-tide-seaweed-kelp-scientist-departures-ecological-concerns-climate-carbon-removal/
(Sources have previously said Running Tide aims to sequester 1 billion tons of carbon dioxide by 2025 and described its “hypothetical full scale” as a billion or more tons per year.)
While Running Tide is targeting around a billion tons of carbon dioxide a year, the National Academies report noted
that just removing 100 million tons annually could require the
equivalent of a roughly 325-foot-wide belt of seaweed farms along more
than 450,000 miles of shoreline. That’s equivalent to more than 60% of
the global coast, and it would occupy an area nearly the size of
Ireland.
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20100039342/downloads/20100039342.pdf
OMEGA is a system of photo-bioreactors (PBRs) filled with municipal wastewater, floating in seawater.
Growing algae from waste (black) water for biofuel
Kyoto Protocol (UNFCCC) have set a maximum of 2 °C increase as the high-
est global warming limit above the range of pre-industrial temperature levels.
Exceedance probability limit is given below 20% with budget for maximum 250 Gt
emission between 2000 and 2049, but more than thirty percent of that was already
used by the year 2005. The data of current CO 2 emissions suggest that the budget
will finish by 2024 [59, 60].
Henderson, Nevada, USA – January 31, 2024 – CH4
Global today announced that it has begun commercial deliveries of its
formulated seaweed-based cattle feed supplement that can reduce enteric
methane emissions by up to 90%, a key step toward the company’s
ambitious goal of reducing CO2-equivalent emissions by a billion metric tons by the end of this decade.
The delivery of the first commercial quantities of Methane TamerTM
supplement to CirPro Australia, a cattle processor, came as CH4 Global
started construction in Louth Bay, South Australia, of what will be the
world’s first commercial-scale facility for growing Asparagopsis
seaweed. Scheduled to begin operations in the fourth quarter of this
year, the so-called “EcoPark” will cultivate the red seaweed in
large-scale saltwater ponds and then formulate it into Methane TamerTM.
The facility in Louth Bay, which CH4 Global sees as the first of many
EcoParks it will eventually build around the world, will produce enough
Asparagopsis to supply up to 30,000 cattle per day.
https://www.viridos.com/technology/#whatWeveAchieved
Additionally, by farming in saltwater on marginal land, Viridos algae
will avoid competing with resources required for food production, such
as arable farmland and freshwater. We estimate that at
commercialization, the productivity of Viridos engineered microalgae
will be 20x times greater than any existing terrestrial crop. This
dramatic advantage underpins the scalability of our technology.
Ferran Garcia-Pichel, Jayne Belnap, in Principles and Applications of Soil Microbiology (Third Edition), 2021
Green algae
Green
algae are the most diverse of the algal groups, with at least 7000
species. Most are aquatic, but many are found in a variety of habitats
that include soils, tree bark, snow, and in symbiotic relationships with
a variety of organisms ranging from fungi (forming lichens; Fig. 7.1L)
to animals. Like cyanobacteria, green algae are found on all continents
and in almost all terrestrial habitats and may be either unicellular,
colonial, or filamentous. The earliest evidence of green algae comes
from fossils estimated to be a billion years old (Tang et al., 2020). Similar to vascular plant cells, green algae have Golgi bodies, vacuoles, mitochondria, membrane-bound nuclei containing genomic DNA, and plastids. The latter (visible in Fig. 7.1G)
contain the photosynthetic machinery, including chlorophylls,
electron-transport chains, and the enzymes in the Calvin cycle necessary
for carbon assimilation (Chapter 3). Green algae have firm cell walls made of cellulose and other polysaccharides.
Solitary green algal cells are generally larger than those of
cyanobacteria and can have cell diameters ranging from approximately
1 μm to the single-celled and multi-nucleated seaweed Caulerpa
sp. which can be up to 3 m long; most cells, however, range from 2 to
7 μm in size. Reproduction can be asexual (through mitotic division or
fragmentation) or sexual (involving meiosis and fusion of gametes), the
latter producing a zygospore.
https://www.lawa.org.nz/learn/factsheets/algae-and-cyanobacteria-in-lakes/
Technically speaking cyanobacteria are bacteria (prokaryotes),
not algae (which are eukaryotes), but they perform the same ecological
function of converting sunlight into energy and oxygen (via
photosynthesis). Hence they are often grouped with algae. Some
cyanobacteria can produce toxins (commonly known as ) that are harmful to animals and humans.
Dimwitted indeed - you or Fourier? "Fourier transform methods allow the analysis of complex waveforms in terms of their sinusoidal components [32]. Fourier analysis transforms a waveform into its spectral components and has been utilized in mass spectrometry, infrared spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance. Fourier Transform is a mathematical model which helps to transform the signals between two different domains, such as transforming signal from frequency domain to time domain or vice versa. Fourier transform has many applications in Engineering and Physics, such as signal processing, RADAR, and so on. Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is a widely used algorithm in various fields, including signal processing, image processing, communication, data analysis, and scientific computing. The method of Fourier-transform spectroscopy can also be used for absorption spectroscopy. The primary example is "FTIR Spectroscopy", a common technique in chemistry. In general, the goal of absorption spectroscopy is to measure how well a sample absorbs or transmits light at each different wavelength."
The key role of the energy balance between
short-wave solar absorption and long-wave IR emission was
first recognized in 1827 by Joseph Fourier,1,2 about a quarter
century after IR radiation was discovered by William Herschel.
As Fourier also recognized, the rate at which electromagnetic
radiation escapes to space is strongly affected by the interven-
ing atmosphere. With those insights, Fourier set in motion a
program in planetary climate that would take more than a century to bring to fruition."
"As Fourier already understood, when it comes to
relating temperature to the principles of energy balance, it
matters little whether the heat-loss mechanism is purely radiative, as in the case of a planet, or a mix of radiation and turbulent convection, as in the case of a house—or a greenhouse. Carbon dioxide is just planetary insulation."
"The foundations of radiative transfer were laid by some of
the greatest physicists of the 19th and 20th centuries—
Fourier, Tyndall, Arrhenius, Kirchhoff, Ludwig Boltzmann,
Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Schwarzschild, Arthur Edding-
ton, Milne, and Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar—plus many
more whose names are not well known, even among physicists, but probably deserve to be."
Cyanobacteria are amongst the oldest organisms on earth, with their first appearance dating back to 3.5 billion years ago [11,12].
They are often classified as microalgae, though microalgae are
eukaryotic plant cells, while cyanobacteria are phototrophic prokaryotes
and are very similar to the subclass of gram-negative prokaryotes due
to the structure of their cell walls [13]. Thereby, cyanobacteria have a thicker peptidoglycan layer compared to most of gram-negative bacteria [14].
They show considerable morphological diversity, as they are capable of
unicellular or filamentous growth, or they can form colonies [15].
Their occurrence is ubiquitous, i.e., they can survive in the most
diverse and extreme habitats such as deserts, hot springs, or polar
regions [16]. According to their origin, they are divided into aquatic and terrestrial cyanobacteria [17].
University of Kentucky CO2 emissions to grow algae
40-fold increase in biofuel productivity from algae and 20-fold increase in food oil and feed productivity.
Global Algae Innovations
You can meet ALL the U.S. fuel demands with land half the size of Texas.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=64clWE7AfLg
Global Fuel could be grown on land 3 times the size of Texas.
Two times as much protein as soy by U.S. fuel and 10 times as much protein as soy for global fuel supply.
https://www.chuckgreene.com/marine-circular-bioeconomy
13 gigatons a year of CO2 reduced emissions for Algae for feed and fuel.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364363335_Algal_solutions_Transforming_marine_aquaculture_from_the_bottom_up_for_a_sustainable_future/link/6354d5a896e83c26eb44d527/download
Western Australia is internationally significant for its variety of
stromatolite sites, both living and fossilised. Fossils of the earliest
known stromatolites, about 3.5 billion years old, are found about
1,000km north, near Marble Bar in the Pilbara region.
Aerosol Masking by algae
In 1987, British chemist James Lovelock and several colleagues
popularized an idea first proposed by others that algae might play a
vital role in regulating the Earth’s climate.
Lovelock is famed as the originator of the Gaia hypothesis, which
suggests that the Earth functions as a single living organism and
maintains the conditions necessary for its own survival. By encouraging
cloud formation, Lovelock theorized, DMS might help keep the Earth’s
thermostat at a fairly constant temperature.
Algae is the origin of sex sperm and eggs! Algae sex can be changed by one gene change!
a new gene, named VSR1, that plays a vital role in the activation of
genes specific to the development of female and male reproductive cells.......
under specific conditions they undergo sexual development and differentiate as either plus and minus gametes for Chlamydomonas, or eggs and sperm for Volvox.
Using phylo-transcriptomics—a method to simultaneously compare
evolutionary relationships and gene expression—the team discovered a new
gene called Volvocine Sex Regulator 1 (VSR1) that activates the development of plus gametes
in Chlamydomonas or oogenesis (egg formation) in Volvox. However, Dr.
Umen noted, “this gene is not just for females. When MID is present, it
interacts with VSR1 and modifies its activity, switching it from a plus or female gene activator to a minus or
male gene activator." By discovering the role of VSR1 and its
interaction with MID, the researchers for the first time could develop a
complete model for sex determination in these algae.
https://www.technologynetworks.com/genomics/news/new-gene-responsible-for-sex-determination-in-green-algae-376119
Merging an archaebacterium and an α-proteobacterium by endosymbiosis or
symbiogenesis resulted in eukaryotic cells with mitochondria. In
protists, certain life styles resulted into highly reduced versions of
mitochondria like hydrogenosomes or mitosomes. Later, endosymbiosis of a
cyanobacterium by a eukaryotic cell gave rise to a new eukaryotic
lineage containing a new organelle of cyanobacterial origin.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/28347056.2023.2226528
The photosynthetic efficiency of microalgae typically ranges from 11 to 20 percent, which is higher than that of terrestrial plants (1-2 percent). Microalgae are more capable of fixing CO2 than C4 plants. When some algae species experienced exponential growth, their biomass might quadruple in as little as three and a half hours [35].
https://ijcsrr.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/28-19-2023.pdf
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41207-023-00379-x Marine phytoplankton accounts for half of the total global primary productivity by fixing ~ 50 gigatons of CO2 annually [6].
Novak T, Godrijan J, Pfannkuchen DM, Djakovac T, Medic N, Ivancic I,
Mlakar M, Gasparovic B (2019) Global warming and oligotrophication lead
to increased lipid production in marine phytoplankton. Sci Total Environ
668:171–183
Kwiatkowski L, Aumont O, Bopp L, Ciais P (2018) The impact of variable
phytoplankton stoichiometry on projections of primary production, food
quality, and carbon uptake in the global ocean. Global Biogeochem Cycles
32:516–528
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/23/13061
‘My ambition is to cover two-three per cent of the deep oceans surfaces
every year [with a synthetic whale poop]’ King says, ‘we hope to return
the global whale, fish and crustacean population to where it was.’
https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/news/2022/march/artificial-whale-poo-could-help-restore-ocean-biodiversity.html
In 2008, this led to the introduction of a United Nations moratorium
on large commercial ocean seeding projects until the risks are better
understood. However, small scale research projects are still permitted.
https://www.mpg.de/19696856/1221-mbio-slime-for-the-climate-delivered-by-brown-algae-154772-x
Brown Algae could absorb 1 gigaton per year - along Germany's coasts - their total emissions!
The study also reported that flue-gas-fed outdoor raceways ponds could reduce 45–50% of GHGs emissions
Yadav, G.; Dubey, B.K.; Sen, R. A comparative life cycle assessment of microalgae production by CO2 sequestration from flue gas in outdoor raceway ponds under batch and semi-continuous regime. J. Clean. Prod. 2020, 258, 120703.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2211926423001297
Microalgae as a key tool in achieving carbon neutrality for bioproduct production
Microalgae can photosynthetically capture about 100 Gt of CO2 per year and convert it into useful biomass [7].
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37321341/
Hence, the utilization of algo-cyano-bacterial consortia biomass can
serve as a sustainable and practical substitute for chemical
fertilizers, pesticides, and growth promoters. Furthermore, employing
these bio-based organisms is a significant stride towards enhancing
agricultural productivity, which is an essential requirement to meet the
escalating food demands of the growing global population. Utilizing
domestic and livestock wastewater, as well as CO2 flue gases,
for cultivating this consortium not only helps reduce agricultural
waste but also enables the creation of a novel bioproduct within a
closed production cycle.
https://www.che-project.eu/news/how-do-human-co2-emissions-compare-natural-co2-emissions
The ocean is already incredibly effective at sequestering carbon through
natural processes; it holds about 50 times more carbon than the
atmosphere and has sequestered about 30 percent of anthropogenic carbon
dioxide emissions since the start of the industrial era.
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aau5153
we find a global increase in the anthropogenic CO2 inventory
of 34 ± 4 petagrams [gigatons] of carbon (Pg C) between 1994 and 2007. This is
equivalent to an average uptake rate of 2.6 ± 0.3 Pg C year−1 and represents 31 ± 4% of the global anthropogenic CO2 emissions over this period.
https://www.regenitech.com/
Earth Power Lodges: Regenerating Soil, Powering Change
As expected, iron addition stimulated growth of the planktonic algae
(phytoplankton), which doubled their biomass within the first two weeks
by taking up CO2 from the water. "However, the increasing
grazing pressure of small crustacean zooplankton (copepods) prevented
further growth of the phytoplankton bloom," explains Dr Wajih Naqvi,
co-chief scientist from the National Institute of Oceanography of the
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. Those algal species,
which regularly make blooms in coastal regions including the Antarctic,
were most heavily grazed. As a result, only a modest amount of carbon
sank out of the surface layer by the end of the experiment. Hence, the
transfer of CO2 from the atmosphere to the ocean to
compensate the deficit caused by the LOHAFEX bloom was minor compared to
earlier ocean iron fertilization experiments.
The larger blooms stimulated by earlier experiments were due to a
group of algae known as diatoms. These unicellular algae are protected
against grazers by shells made of glass (silica) and are known to sink
to great depths after blooming. Diatoms could not grow in the Lohafex
experiment because previous, natural blooms had already extracted all
the silicic acid (the raw material of diatom shells). Iron sources for
natural blooms are melting icebergs or terrestrial input from streams or
via dust blown off Patagonia. Hence a major finding was that other
algal groups, although stimulated by iron fertilization, are unable to
make blooms equivalent to those of diatoms.
https://www.nature.com/articles/453704b
Ken Johnson, a senior scientist at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research
Institute in California. Johnson is against allowing companies to market
carbon credits yet, but he thinks that ocean fertilization is the most
viable geo-engineering option for addressing a runaway climate. "This
isn't something to rush into, but it's the only solution we've got if
climate gets out of control."
https://www.lidji.org/sir-david-king