To address this imbalance and to better understand the relationship of Europeans and Near Easterners, we report genome-wide data from two ~26 thousand year old individuals from Dzudzuana Cave in Georgia in the Caucasus from around the beginning of the LGM. Surprisingly, the Dzudzuana population was more closely related to early agriculturalists from western Anatolia ~8 thousand years
ago than to the hunter-gatherers of the Caucasus from the same region of western Georgia of ~13-10 thousand years ago. Most of the Dzudzuana population’s ancestry was deeply related to the post-glacial western European hunter-gatherers of the ‘Villabruna cluster’, but it also had ancestry from a lineage that had separated from the great majority of non-African populations before they separated from each other, proving that such ‘Basal Eurasians6, were present in West Eurasia twice as early previously recorded.
Post-Holocene Turnover from the Basal Hub
We document major population turnover in the Near East after the time of Dzudzuana, showing that the highly differentiated Holocene populations of the region were formed by ‘Ancient North Eurasian’ admixture into the Caucasus and Iran and North African admixture into the Natufians of the Levant. We finally show that the Dzudzuana population contributed the majority of the ancestry of post-Ice Age people in the Near East, North Africa, and even parts of Europe, thereby becoming the largest single contributor of ancestry of all present-day West Eurasians....Dzudzuana-related ancestry makes up ~46-88% of the ancestry of all these populations,
When humans were forced to leave their adaptive peak and language lost its imitative and
reproductive role, free language emerged—the symbolic language. In combination with our other mental abilities, such as consciousness, spatial perception, and executive function, humans could develop new survival strategies, tools, and a new social organization.
But in this liminal phase, humans also experienced a split between the inner and the outer, or between body and soul. They left the soothing fog they had previously inhabited; they lost their equilibrium. When they adapted to the new conditions and created a new adaptive peak, stability arose again, and with it, an inner peace. This state of inner division and the quest for balance is also reflected in many animistic religions, notably among several of South and North America's indigenous peoples, where humans are seen as children who need to learn adaptation and stability from the wise animals (Harvey, 2013).
https://theaquaticape.org/human-evolution/cyclical-development/#comment-16516
https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:681668/FULLTEXT01.pdf
This requires additional mechanisms to maximize gas storage, minimize energy expenditure, and enhance conscious tolerance to asphyxia, involving e.g. increase lung volume, baseline hematocrit and spleen volume, and means to cope with the increased pressure. While it takes both inherent predisposition and training to achieve such record results, most healthy humans can, after some practice, make voluntary apneas of 3-4 min,
https://www.benthamdirect.com/content/books/9781608052448#chapters
Hi Erik: Thanks for your reply. I am studying your research more. Have you noticed that our original human culture – the San Bushmen – rely on the “Wim Hof” breathing technique that cancels the “diver’s reflex”? The tummo heat of Tibetan Yoga (better known now as Wim Hof breathing) relies on 30 quick breathes that are also deep – this expels CO2 faster than our body creates it, changing the blood pH to cancel the “diver’s reflex.” Then we can hold the breath AFTER exhale for a longer time period which activates the right side vagus nerve in the brain (thereby doubling the adrenaline levels in the body to create the heat).
Singing and dancing does this naturally – as the males dancing all night long (the Tshoma training in our original human culture) also activates the right side vagus nerve deeply. I realized this when I was six years old – I had already been training in music on piano – and this increases the corpus callosum that connects the right and left brain. Music is right brain dominant as frequency and the right side vagus nerve in the brain connects to the left side of the brain but not vice versa! This enables processing our lower emotions for better social bonding – the increased oxytocin as right side vagus nerve going down to the heart activation.
So if you study the Radical Anthropology Group (their lectures are on vimeo) – they are releasing a new book “When Eve Laughed” on this singing musilanguage focus with dancing – as the secret of long distancing hunting by males to enable better adaptation for humans to expand around the Earth. Dr. Viktor Grauer, a musicologist, published “Sounding the Depths” – a blogbook that has the audio examples of the San Bushmen/Pygmy music found around the Earth. Ancient DNA now shows a common origin to both the San Bushmen and Pygmy from before 200,000 years ago and they both maintain the “conservative” music healing culture.
In fact I trained in this to finish my master’s degree – via a Chinese spiritual meditation yoga healing master. I saw ghosts and I smelled sickness as rotting flesh – just as the San Bushmen say they can do!! I had no idea I had activated this ancient ability. If you go read Andrew Zimmern’s book – “Bizarre Planet” – he visited the San Bushmen for his cooking show on cable. He burst out bawling because the healer put his hand over Andrew’s heart – and the N/om energy caused Andrew’s spirit to leave his body. The healer was able to experience Andrew’s most private memories from Andrew’s soul. When the healer took his hand off Andrew’s heart then Andrew felt a strong electrical shock and he returned back into his body.
I have experienced this also – in fact I actually pulled an elderly lady’s spirit out of the top of her skull. When you talk about our human globular skull shape – in this training the bones become soft due to the collagen piezoelectric resonance from ultrasound. The fontanelle opens up again in the top of the skull and the top of the skull pulsates with the N/om energy – that resonates with the Schumann resonance but as a quantum nonlocal “time-reversed” negative frequency that is also this N/om ether energy.
So I agree with you that modern language has “captured” our older deeper innate abilities based on the mirror neurons as imitation that also tapped into a much deeper mind-body transformation. I have lots of free research on this – even a training manual (that a few have taken up). hahaha.
from primates to the homo genus - what's the real difference? Ancient DNA discussion
Leonardo Vallini Presentation at IBS Conference Session 5 Genomics and Ancestry
the geographic region that acted
as a Hub for the ancestors of all present-day non-Africans during the
initial colonisation of Eurasia. With our work, we show that populations
from the Persian Plateau carry an ancestry component that closely
matches the population that settled the Hub outside Africa, therefore
pointing to the Persian Plateau as suitable for human occupation
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-46161-7
the ancestors of present-day East Eurasians
emerged from the Hub at ~45 kya (Fig. 1A, red branch). [Researchers working on Pebdeh Cave in the southern Zagros Mountains. Pebdeh was occupied by hunter-gatherers as early as 42,000 years ago]...These emergent
groups subsequently colonised most of Eurasia and Oceania, though
these populations became largely extinct and were assimilated in West
Eurasia by a more recent expansion that took place by ~38 kya
(Fig. 1A, blue branch). The first of these two expansions, whose associated ancestry we name here the East Eurasian Core (EEC), left descendants in Bacho Kiro, Tianyuan, and most present-day East Asians and Oceanians. The second expansion, which we name the West Eurasian Core (WEC), left descendants in Kostenki, Sunghir, and subsequent West Eurasians, and in the genome of palaeolithic Siberian...
This genetic perspective was further refined when combined with
palaeoecological evidence, pointing to the Persian Plateau belt surrounding the Central Iranian Desert, and encompassing the Southern
Caspian shores, the Zagros Mountains, and the Persian Gulf and
Mesopotamia, as the most likely Hub location (Fig. 4). Although no
genetic data is currently available, we cannot exclude the northeastern
portion of the Arabian peninsula as the southern edge of the Hub since the area was putatively linked across the then drier Persian Gulf.
The ecological separation offered by the harsh climatic conditions of
the inner parts of present-day southern Levant and western Arabia
seems to provide an explanation for the long-lasting disconnect
between the Hub population and Basal Eurasians30
, which enabled the two human groups to build their characteristic drift components over
many thousand years (their potential locations are shown in green and
light yellow colour in Fig. 4).
Information from archaeological evidence advocates for a long
presence of modern humans in the region, dated to at least 44 kya
when considering the earliest IUP and UP record or to as early as
55 kya when including certain MP sites that may relate to modern
humans. Furthermore, the attested presence of Neanderthals in the
Zagros mountains until at least 40 kya, supports the idea that the
ancestors of all living Eurasians spent ~20 ky in the Hub location and
admixed with our archaic relatives, potentially over a prolonged period of time, ultimately differentiating into the populations that
eventually led to the colonisation of Eurasia, Oceania, and the Amer-
icas.
120,000 year old DNA found in Papua New guinea modern humans
We find a genetic signature in present-day Papuans that suggests that at least 2% of
their genome originates from an early and largely extinct expansion of anatomically modern humans (AMHs) out of Africa. Together with evidence from the western Asian fossil record, and admixture between AMHs and Neanderthals predating the main Eurasian
expansion , our results contribute to the mounting evidence for the presence of AMHs out of Africa earlier than 75,000 years ago. wow
implying that the hypothesized lineage
may have split from most Africans around 120 kya (Supplementary
Information 2.2.4 and 2.2.8).
Our results consistently point towards a contribution from a modern
human source for derived 29 alleles that are found in the genome
sequence of Papuans but not in Africans. Possible confounders could
involve a shorter generation time in Papuan and Philippine Negrito
populations30
, different recombination processes, or alternative demo-
graphic histories that have not been investigated here. We therefore
strongly encourage the development of new model-based approaches
that can investigate further the haplotype patterns described here.
In conclusion, our results suggest that while the genomes of modern
Papuans derive primarily from the main expansion of modern humans
out of Africa, we estimate that at least 2% of their genome sequence
reflects an earlier, otherwise extinct, dispersal (Extended Data Fig. 10).
The inferred date of the xOoA split time (~120 kya) is consistent
with fossil and archaeological evidence for an early expansion of
H. sapiens from Africa 13,14 . Furthermore, the recently identified
modern human admixture into the Altai Neanderthal before 100 kya12
is consistent with a modern human presence outside Africa well
https://www.isita-org.com/Jass/Contents/2017vol95/Pagani/28786814.pdf
According to the fossil human remains available so far, our species
was present in West Asia at least since 120 thousand years ago (kya)
(Groucutt et al., 2015; Grove et al., 2015). However it is unclear whether
these remains should be interpreted as the beginning of OoA, or as a failed expansion (Mellars et al.,
2013) or just as a simple extension of the African occupation due to favourable climatic conditions. In
light of craniometrical studies of African and Eurasian populations (Reyes-Centeno et al., 2014) and
recent availability of additional fossil data from eastern Asia (Groucutt et al., 2015; Liu et al., 2015),
one may see these as preliminary evidence of an early dispersal
: the modern Papua New Guinean samples we analysed seemed to have
traces of a more ancient human expansion! Our Papua New Guineans indeed displayed a genetic diver-
gence from modern Africans that was at least 15kya deeper than the one detected from all other non-
African samples. We initially thought that the documented presence of an additional archaic human
(Denisova) component in Oceania (Reich et al., 2010) could explain the observed phenomenon, mak-
ing our samples looking more “ancient” at those sites where their genome was derived from Denisova.
Surprisingly, after correcting for this bias via effectively removing these archaic sequences from the
dataset, we noticed that the signal remained as clear and as puzzling as before. We then inspected the
genetic features of the Papuan sequences we thought responsible for this signal and found that these
were compatible with the signature of a now extinct modern human population that probably have left
Africa as early as 120ky ago. We then concluded that modern Papuan New Guineans, while deriving
the vast majority of their genome from the already described OoA event, have also incorporated within
their genes the presence of an early human group they may have encountered on their way to the island,
and that had left Africa much earlier, as part of an otherwise extinct OoA expansion.
Dr Luca Pagani humans migrated from Africa around 125,000 years ago
we date the Y-chromosomal most recent common ancestor (MRCA) in Africa at 254 (95% CI 192-307) kya and detect a cluster of major non-African founder haplogroups in a narrow time interval at 47-52 kya, consistent with a rapid initial colonization model of Eurasia and Oceania after the out-of-Africa bottleneck. In contrast to demographic reconstructions based on mtDNA, we infer a second strong bottleneck in Y-chromosome lineages dating to the last 10 ky. We hypothesize that this bottleneck is caused by cultural changes affecting variance of reproductive success among males. https://pure.psu.edu/en/publications/a-recent-bottleneck-of-y-chromosome-diversity-coincides-with-a-gl So there as a male driven expansion right out of Africa contrary to the female DNA - and then a male driven expansion of farming with drop in overall male population of hunter-gatherers (in Europe)... "An abrupt population bottleneck specific to human males has been inferred across several Old World (Africa, Europe, Asia) populations 5000–7000 BP. Here, bringing together anthropological theory, recent population genomic studies and mathematical models, we propose a sociocultural hypothesis, involving the formation of patrilineal kin groups and intergroup competition among these groups. Our analysis shows that this sociocultural hypothesis can explain the inference of a population bottleneck. " https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-04375-6 Human Y chromosome haplogroup L1-M22 traces Neolithic expansion in West Asia and supports the Elamite and Dravidian connection https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042%2824%2901241-0?s=09 favor a West Asian origin for L1-M22 ∼20.6 thousand years ago (kya). Moreover, this haplogroup parallels the genome-wide genetic ancestry of hunter-gatherers from the Iranian Plateau and the Caucasus. We characterized two L1-M22 harboring population groups during the Early Holocene. One expanded with the West Asian Neolithic transition. The other moved to South Asia ∼8-6 kya but showed no expansion. This group likely participated in the spread of Dravidian languages. These South Asian L1-M22 lineages expanded ∼4-3 kya, coinciding with the Steppe ancestry introduction. Our findings advance the current understanding of Eurasian historical dynamics, emphasizing L1-M22’s West Asian origin, associated population movements, and possible linguistic impacts.
Caucasus/Iranian hunter-gatherers (CIHG)
These people carried a clear Steppe ancestry with some minor Anatolian contribution, most likely absorbed through female lineages during the population movements. Our results confirm a recently reported claim that farming did not arrive to the Baltic region as a consequence of gradual migration of people from Anatolia [8]. However, our genetic data associated with the archaeological records demonstrate that the transition to farming in the Baltic region was not the result of only cultural transmission either, but was instead the result of migration of farming people from the Steppe.
https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(17)30724-8
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