https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c6zxzgViT9M
The heart is called Yi [unified power] becuz when intent moves, spirit is agitated; qi is dispersed. Qi is the Mother of spirit; Spirit is the child of qi. The Mother as qi is the horse that guides/conducts the river chariot (yin spirit) in the water (yin jing). Once your mind is away from the lower Elixir Field, your Qi will be led away from it and be consumed. By gathering the Shen into the lower tan tien then the Qi follows it there. Light of eyes descend as Yang fire inner yin qi line
of ‘pythagorean pathways’, which is generated by two letters P and Q representing octave P8 and fifth P5, respectively." Noll, T. (2007). Musical intervals and special linear transformations. Journal of Mathematics and Music, 1(2), 121–137. doi:10.1080/17459730701375026 url to share this paper: sci-hub.tw/10.1080/17459730701375026 "Who says that sublimation by fire cannot be taught, Since only silent circuits can plumb the depth sublime?....This is called freezing spirit."" Taoist Yoga: alchemy and immortality ..."For human beings are nothing but the gathering of ch'i: they live whenever the ch'i concentrates, they die when the ch'i disperses. Nothing is more abominable to Chuang-tzu than "governing the world," since Tao in the form of yin-yang unity is the origin of everything and exercises supreme dominion over the human and cosmic worlds....the unity of yin and yang result in harmony, and that through this unity things are produced. A comparable insight is to be found in Heraclitus: "Harmony consists of opposing tension, like that of the bow and lyre." Thaddesu T'ui-chieh Hang, Taipei, "The Unity of Yin and Yang: A Philosophical Assessment" for Anaximander: the heavenly bodies uttered a flute-like whistle and the circles that carry the stars have "flute-like" pipes with breathing holes through which the fire bursts forth when they are not blocked up. It seems certain that the pressurized fiery vapour escaping from these [ancient Greek] must make sounds or notes that reflect the size and diameter of the pipe, rather like the sound of huge pan pipes played across the dark and misty heavens. The Void of Parmenides as Apeiron is the Siren that creates the energy of the Stars as the Hearth or Air that Feeds off the Light of the Universe To become a Pythagorean he studied your gait and emotions and if you passed then he studied you for three years. Only then could you be accepted to train in five years of silence but you still could not actually see Pythagoras yet. After five years then you were allowed to speak to Pythagoras but still only from behind a veil with him hidden. Xenocrates (4th Century BCE) followed Pythagorean tradition in defining the substance of the soul as 'number moving itself',24 and this on its own suggests that the fragment may be authentic to him.
the limited use of iron during this time, particularly for utilitarian purposes, indicates that during the 12th–11th centuries B.C.E., the full-blown Iron Age had not yet begun—not in the Levant or anywhere else.[19] This suggests that the biblical claim that the Canaanites had iron chariots during the period of the judges is problematic.
https://www.thetorah.com/article/the-history-of-iron-in-ancient-israel
Nine hundred such iron chariots feature in the battle of Israel against the Canaanite general Sisera in the Deborah story:
Iron chariots did not exist in the Iron Age at all, certainly not in the Iron I, when these stories are set, where barely any iron was used at all.
on the "Aryan Christian" movement embracing Hitler
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DLd3LIQ0-Ro
a comment someone posted:
Most Americans assume that being a “Christian nation” automatically makes us more moral. History shows the opposite is true. We’re taught the Nazis were uniquely evil - but almost no one learns that Germany in 1939 was 95% Christian. Hitler did not rise in a secular society. He rose in one of the most Christian populations in modern history, where churches either collaborated or stayed silent. And this isn’t an isolated case. Across 2,000 years, whenever Christianity becomes a dominant political identity rather than a personal spiritual path, atrocities follow. Below is just a partial list of mass death carried out directly by Christian institutions or justified under Christian ideology: • Crusades (1096–1291): 1–3 million killed • Inquisition (12th–19th c.): ~30,000 executed • Witch Hunts (15th–18th c.): 40k–60k killed • Indigenous genocide in the Americas (1492–1900): ~56 million • Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade: ~12 million enslaved; ~2 million died in transit • European colonial violence in Africa/Asia: 30–50 million • British policies in India (18th–19th c.): 30–50 million • Taiping Rebellion (Christian messianic state): 20–50 million • Thirty Years’ War (Christian Europe): 4–8 million • Reformation & Counter-Reformation wars: 3–5 million • Northern Crusades (Baltic peoples): 1–2 million • Irish conquest & famines: 1–3 million • Herero & Nama genocide: 60–100k • Indigenous residential schools: thousands to hundreds of thousands • Sexual abuse in Christian institutions: hundreds of thousands (at minimum) Total: ~300–450 million deaths from Christian-led or Christian-justified violence. That’s not a moral safeguard. That’s a historical warning sign. The uncomfortable truth is this: Whenever Christianity becomes a political identity instead of a personal spirituality, violence becomes “God’s will.” And majorities that believe they hold divine authority become capable of anything. That’s why the decline of Christianity in America is not a moral crisis - it is what’s currently saving us from an authoritarian theocracy. Only about 60% of Americans are Christian today, compared to 90% in the 1950s. That religious pluralism - not Christian dominance - is the main barrier preventing the rise of Christofascism. This is why Christian nationalists are panicking. Their demographic power is collapsing. And they know that without a Christian supermajority, their dream of a theocratic government dies. The lesson from history is brutally clear: More Christianity has never made societies more moral. But it has often made them more dangerous. Morality comes from conscience, compassion, and accountability, not from political religion.
kissing is not a quirky human habit but an inherited feature within the great ape lineage, one that likely emerged between sixteen and twenty-one million years ago.
Yet a new comparative analysis1 by Matilda Brindle, Catherine Talbot, and Stuart West argues that mouth-to-mouth contact has a far longer lineage than many researchers assumed.
https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2025-11-19-ape-ancestors-and-neanderthals-likely-kissed-new-analysis-finds
The results indicate that kissing is an ancient trait in the large apes, evolving in the ancestor to that group 21.5 - 16.9 million years ago. Kissing was retained over the course of evolution and is still present in most of the large apes.
While kissing may seem like an ordinary or universal behaviour, it is only documented in 46% of human cultures,’ said Dr Catherine Talbot, co-author and Assistant Professor in the College of Psychology at Florida Institute of Technology.
the UN observes today but the "container-based sanitation coalition" is key for global "ecological sanitation." ....vermicomposting toilets, ISO 30500-compliant “reinvented” toilet... Sanitation is starting to make its mark in carbon markets. The Sanergy Collaborative, through Fresh Life and its treatment operations, earned the first carbon credits for container-based sanitation (CBS) and related treatment. Meanwhile, SOIL’s model in Haiti demonstrates an alternative path for smaller implementers – selling verified climate impacts directly to buyers outside formal markets. https://fresh-life.org/ Very fascinating that ecological sanitation is now getting funding by selling "carbon credits"!!! All the best,
https://www.iso.org/standard/87343.html
https://www.un.org/en/observances/toilet-day
3.4 billion people still don’t have a safe toilet.... Unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene are responsible for the deaths of around 1,000 children under five every day. (WHO, 2023)...At the current rates of progress, 3 billion people will still be living without safe toilets in 2030. (WHO/UNICEF, 2025)
https://mailchi.mp/11a3510dfcf2/haiti-update-7227634?e=da0a64288e
Let’s be honest: the toilet is often much more than we give it credit for. It’s where we hide for a moment of quiet, flip through a book, escape a noisy room, or catch our breath in the midst of a holiday work party. But for billions of people, a safe, private place to do even the most basic of human functions is still out of reach.
Foreword |
Introduction |
1 Scope |
2 Normative references |
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms |
3.1 Terms and definitions |
3.2 Abbreviated terms |
4 General requirements |
4.1 User requirements |
4.2 Metric system |
4.3 Design capacity and operability |
4.4 Performance requirements |
4.5 Expected design lifetime |
4.6 Ergonomic design |
| ATCC | American Type Culture Collection |
| BL | batch liquid |
| BOD | biological/biochemical oxygen demand |
| BS | batch solid |
| CAPEX | capital expenditure |
| CFU | colony-forming units |
| COD | chemical oxygen demand |
| EMC | electromagnetic compatibility |
| EPA | US Environmental Protection Agency |
| FMEA | failure mode effects analysis |
| FMECA | failure mode effects and criticality analysis |
| GHG | greenhouse gas |
| HACCP | hazard analysis and critical control point |
| HAZOP | hazard and operability study |
| IP | ingress protection |
| LRV | log reduction values |
| MPN | most probable number |
| MOP | maximum operating pressure |
| NIOSH | US National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health |
| NPV | net present value |
| NSSS | non-sewered sanitation systems |
| OPEX | operating expense |
| OSHA | US Occupational Safety and Health Administration |
| PAH | polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons |
| PCU | platinum colour units |
| PFU | plaque-forming units |
| PL | periodic liquid |
| PPBV | parts per billion by volume |
| PPMV | parts per million by volume |
| PS | periodic solid |
| PSLC | product safety life cycle |
| Pt-Co | platinum-cobalt colour |
| SSF | strength safety factors |
| TN | total nitrogen |
| TP | total phosphorous |
| TS | total solids |
| TSS | total suspended solids |
| UN | United Nations |
| UNICEF | United Nations Children’s Emergency Fund |
| VOC | volatile organic compound |
| VS | volatile solids |
| WHO | World Health Organization |
| [1] | ISO 3506-1, Fasteners — Mechanical properties of corrosion-resistant stainless steel fasteners — Part 1: Bolts, screws and studs with specified grades and property classes |
| [2] | ISO 3506-2:2020, Fasteners — Mechanical properties of corrosion-resistant stainless steel fasteners — Part 2: Nuts with specified grades and property classes |
| [3] | ISO 3506-3, Fasteners — Mechanical properties of corrosion resistant stainless steel fasteners — Part 3: Set screws (and similar fasteners not under tensile stress) with specified grades and hardness classes |
| [4] | ISO 4224, Ambient air — Determination of carbon monoxide — Non-dispersive infrared spectrometric method |
| [5] | ISO 6878, Water quality — Determination of phosphorus — Ammonium molybdate spectrometric method |
| [6] | ISO 7250 (all parts), Basic human body measurements for technological design |
| [7] | ISO 15213-2, Microbiology of the food chain — Horizontal method for the detection and enumeration of Clostridium spp. — Part 2: Enumeration of Clostridium perfringens by colony-count technique |
| [8] | ISO 7996, Ambient air — Determination of the mass concentration of nitrogen oxides — Chemiluminescence method |
| [9] | ISO 10295 (all parts), Fire tests for building elements and components — Fire testing of service installations |
| [10] | ISO 10705-2, Water quality — Detection and enumeration of bacteriophages — Part 2: Enumeration of somatic coliphages |
| [11] | ISO 12100:2010, Safety of machinery — General principles for design — Risk assessment and risk reduction |
| [12] | ISO 13849-1:2023, Safety of machinery — Safety-related parts of control systems — Part 1: General principles for design |
| [13] | ISO 13849-2, Safety of machinery — Safety-related parts of control systems — Part 2: Validation |
| [14] | ISO 13850, Safety of machinery — Emergency stop function — Principles for design |
| [15] | ISO 14040:2006, Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Principles and framework |
| [16] | ISO 14044:2006, Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Requirements and guidelines |
| [17] | ISO 14189, Water quality — Enumeration of Clostridium perfringens — Method using membrane filtration |
| [18] | ISO 14622, Space systems — Structural design — Loads and induced environment |
| [19] | ISO 15686-5:2017, Buildings and constructed assets — Service life planning — Part 5: Life-cycle costing |
| [20] | ISO 15821:2007, Doorsets and windows — Water-tightness test under dynamic pressure — Cyclonic aspects |
| [21] | ISO 16000-5, Indoor air — Part 5: Sampling strategy for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) |
| [22] | ISO 16000-26, Indoor air — Part 26: Sampling strategy for carbon dioxide (CO2) |
| [23] | ISO 16911-1, Stationary source emissions — Manual and automatic determination of velocity and volume flow rate in ducts — Part 1: Manual reference method |
| [24] | ISO/IEC 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories |
| [25] | ISO/IEC 17065, Conformity assessment — Requirements for bodies certifying products, processes and services |
| [26] | ISO/TR 22411:2021, Ergonomics data for use in the application of ISO/IEC Guide 71:2014 |
| [27] | ISO 23210, Stationary source emissions — Determination of PM10/PM2,5 mass concentration in flue gas — Measurement at low concentrations by use of impactors |
| [28] | ISO 24521, Drinking water, wastewater and stormwater systems and services — Management of on-site domestic wastewater services |
| [29] | ISO 25119-1:2018, Tractors and machinery for agriculture and forestry — Safety-related parts of control systems — Part 1: General principles for design and development |
| [30] | ISO 30000:2009, Ships and marine technology — Ship recycling management systems — Specifications for management systems for safe and environmentally sound ship recycling facilities |
| [31] | ISO Guide 82:2019, Guidelines for addressing sustainability in standards |
| [32] | ISO/IEC Guide 51:2014, Safety aspects — Guidelines for their inclusion in standards |
| [33] | ISO/IEC Guide 71, Guide for addressing accessibility in standards |
| [34] | IEC 60335-2-84, Household and similar electrical appliances — Safety — Part 2-84: Particular requirements for toilet appliances |
| [35] | IEC 61000-6-1:2016, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 6-1: Generic standards – Immunity standard for residential, commercial and light-industrial environments |
| [36] | IEC 61000-6-3:2020, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 6-3: Generic standards – Emission standard for equipment in residential environments |
| [37] | IEC 60529, Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP code) |
| [38] | IEC 61511:2016, (all parts), Functional safety — Safety instrumented systems for the process industry sector |
| [39] | IEC/IEEE 82079-1, Preparation of information for use (instructions for use) of products — Part 1: Principles and general requirements |
| [40] | CEN/CENELEC Guide 6, Guidelines for standards developers to address the needs of older persons and persons with disabilities |
| [41] | EN 805, Water supply — Requirements for systems and components outside buildings |
| [42] | EN 872, Water quality - Determination of suspended solids — Method by filtration through glass fibre filters |
| [43] | ASME A112.1.2, Air Gaps in Plumbing Systems (For Plumbing Fixtures and Water-Connected Receptors |
| [44] | EN 12566-3:2005, Small wastewater treatment systems for up to 50PT — Part 3: Packaged and/or site assembled domestic wastewater treatment plants |
| [45] | EN 12619, Stationary source emissions — Determination of the mass concentration of total gaseous organic carbon — Continuous flame ionisation detector method |
| [46] | EN 13407, Wall-hung urinals — Functional requirements and test methods |
| [47] | EN 14789:2017, Stationary source emissions — Determination of volume concentration of oxygen - Standard reference method: Paramagnetism |
| [48] | EN 14790:2017, Stationary source emissions — Determination of the water vapour in ducts - Standard reference method |
| [49] | EN 14791, Stationary source emissions — Determination of mass concentration of sulphur dioxide — Standard reference method |
| [50] | EN 14792, Stationary source emissions — Determination of mass concentration of nitrogen oxides (NOx) — Standard reference method: Chemiluminescence |
| [51] | EN 15058, Stationary source emissions — Determination of the mass concentration of carbon monoxide (CO) — Standard reference method: non-dispersive infrared spectrometry |
| [52] | EN 15259, Air quality — Measurement of stationary source emissions — Requirements for measurement sections and sites and for the measurement objective, plan and report |
| [54] | ANSI/PSAI Z4.3-2016, Non-Sewered Waste Disposal Systems: Minimum Requirements |
| [55] | APHA, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater |
| [56] | ASME A112.19.19-2006, Vitreous China Nonwater Urinals |
| [57] | BS 1212-3:1990, Float operated valves. Specification for diaphragm type float operated valves (plastics bodied) for cold water services only (excluding floats) |
| [58] | BS 1212-4:1991, Float operated valves. Specification for compact type float operated valves for WC flushing cisterns (including floats) |
| [59] | IS 2556-3, Vitreous sanitary appliances (Vitreous china) — Part 3: Specific requirements of squatting pans |
| [60] | IS 2556-14, Vitreous sanitary appliances (Vitreous china) — Part 14: Specific requirements of integrated squatting pans |
| [61] | Jahne M.A., Schoen M.E., Garland J.L., Ashbolt N.J. Simulation of enteric pathogen concentrations in locally-collected greywater and wastewater for microbial risk assessments. Microbial Risk Analysis 2016, (downloadable from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S235235221630038X |
| [62] | Lufrteinhalte-Verordnung. Ordinance on Air Pollution Control (OAPC) 814.318.142.1, 2025 (downloadable from: https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/cc/1986/208_208_208/de ) |
| [63] | National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) — Manual of Analytical Methods, 5th Edition published by US Department of Health |
| [64] | National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) — Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards |
| [65] | NSF/ANSI 41, Non-Liquid Saturated Treatment Systems |
| [66] | NSF Standard 53, Drinking Water Treatment Units — Health Effects |
| [67] | NSF Standard 55, Ultraviolet Microbiological Water Treatment Systems |
| [68] | NSF Standard 58, Reverse Osmosis Drinking Water Treatment Systems |
| [69] | NSF P231, Microbiological Water Purifiers |
| [70] | NSF P248.01 Military Operations Microbiological Water Purifiers. |
| [71] | Occupational Safety & Health Administration, OHA Method ID-141 – Hydrogen Sulfide in Workplace Atmospheres |
| [72] | Schoen M.E., Ashbolt N.J., Jahne M.A., Garland J. Risk-based enteric pathogen reduction targets for non-potable and direct potable use of roof runoff, stormwater, and greywater. Microbial Risk Analysis 2017, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mran.2017.01.002 |
| [73] | Naidoo D., Archer C.E. (2022) Towards the development and standardisation of a modified helminth extraction and quantification method for sanitation samples. WRC Report No. 2893/1/22. Water Research Commission, Pretoria. (downloadable from: https://wrcwebsite.azurewebsites.net/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/2893%20final.pdf) |
| [74] | Stainless Steel Information Center. https://www.ssina.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/cleaning.pdf |
| [75] | Strande, Ronteltap, and Brdjanovic, eds. Faecal Sludge Management: Systems Approach for Implementation and Operation, 2014. (Downloadable from https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3591) |
| [76] | UNITED NATIONS. Sustainable development goals, Clean Water and Sanitation: Why it matters downloadable from: https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/6_Why-It-Matters-2020.pdf |
| [77] | United Nations. The Millennium Development Goals Report, 2012 (downloadable from https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/pdf/MDG%20Report%202012.pdf) |
| [78] | United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Water for Life: Open Defecation (downloadable from: https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/waterforlifevoices/open_defecation.shtml) |
| [79] | United Nations. General Assembly of the United Nations: Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 25 September2015 (downloadable from https://www.unfpa.org/resources/transforming-our-world-2030-agenda-sustainable-development#:~:text=On%2025%20September%2C%20the%20United%20Nations%20General%20Assembly,our%20World%3A%20the%202030%20Agenda%20for%20Sustainable%20Development.) |
| [80] | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Method 429: Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Emissions from Stationary Sources |
| [81] | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), (2012), Guidelines for water reuse. Volume EPA/600/R-12/618; September 2012. Washington, DC: U.S. Agency for International Development. |
| [82] | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Emission Measurement Centre test methods (downloadable from https://www.epa.gov/emc) |
| [83] | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Methods for microbiological analysis of sewage sludges, Section F. Ascaris Ova, [page III-36] 1993 |
| [84] | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Method1601: Male-specific (F+) and Somatic Coliphage in Water by Two-step Enrichment Procedure |
| [85] | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA),Method1602: Male-specific (F+) and Somatic Coliphage in Water by Single Agar Layer (SAL) Procedure |
| [86] | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Procedures for Collection and Analysis of Ammonia in Stationary Sources, 1997 |
| [87] | US Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) 6 ID 141, 1008 Hydrogen Sulfide |
| [88] | VDI 2066 Bl. 10, Particulate matter measurement — Dust measurement in flowing gases — Measurement of PM10 and PM2,5 emissions at stationary sources by impaction method |
| [89] | VDI 3486 Bl. 2, Measurement of gaseous emission; Measurement of the hydrogen sulfide concentration; lodometric titration method |
| [90] | VDI 3874, Stationary source emissions — Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) |
| [91] | World Health Organization, WHO 2006. Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater. Volume 1 Policy and regulatory aspects. World Health Organization, Geneva |
| [92] | World Health Organization, WHO 2015. Sanitation safety planning Manual for safe use and disposal of wastewater, greywater and excreta. World Health Organization: Geneva, p 13 |
| [93] | World Health Organization, WHO, 2016. Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment: Application for Water Safety Management. World Health Organization: Geneva, p 208 |
| [94] | World Health Organization, WHO, 2017. Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: Joint Monitoring Programme 2017 update and SDG baselines |
| [95] | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Environmental Regulations and Technology. Control of Pathogens and Vector Attraction in Sewage Sludge, Appendix I —EPA/625/R-92/013, Office of Research and Development, 1999. |
| [96] | HJ 775-2015 Water quality. Ascarid ova determination. Nature sedimentation method, 2015 |
| [99] | ISO 16032, Acoustics — Measurement of sound pressure level from service equipment or activities in buildings — Engineering method |
| [100] | Adjama I., Nana S.A.D., Uba F., Akolgo G.A., Opuko R. “Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Human Feces with Rice Straw for Biogas Production: A Case Study in Sunyani.” Edited by Fahad Al Basir. Modelling and Simulation in Engineering 2022 (September 15, 2022): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2608045. |
| [101] | Bittencourt, Flávio Lopes Francisco, Márcio Ferreira Martins, Marcos Tadeu D. Orlando, and Elson Silva Galvão. “The Proof-of-Concept of a Novel Feces Destroyer Latrine.” Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 10, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 106827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.106827. |
| [102] | Chatema T.M., Mercer E., Septien S., Pocock J., Buckley C.A. “Effect of Ageing on the Physicochemical Properties of Human Faeces in the Context of Onsite Sanitation.” Environmental Challenges 11 (April 1, 2023): 100717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2023.100717. |
| [103] | Chen, Hsiao-Ling, Valerie S Haack, Corey W Janecky, Nicholas W Vollendorf, and Judith A Marlett. “Mechanisms by Which Wheat Bran and Oat Bran Increase Stool Weight in Humans123.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 68, no. 3 (September 1, 1998): 711–19. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/68.3.711. |
| [104] | Christiaens, M. E. R., Udert, K. M., Arends, J. B. A., Huysman, S., Vanhaecke, L., McAdam, E., & Rabaey, K. (2019). Membrane stripping enables effective electrochemical ammonia recovery from urine while retaining microorganisms and micropollutants. Water Research,150, 349–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.11.072 |
| [105] | Fry, L. John, and Richard Merrill. Methane Digesters for Fuel Gas and Fertilizer. New Alchemy Institute Hatchville, MA, 1973. |
| [106] | Gomaa, Mohamed A., and Raeid M. M. Abed. “Potential of Fecal Waste for the Production of Biomethane, Bioethanol and Biodiesel.” Journal of Biotechnology 253 (July 10, 2017): 14–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.05.013. |
| [107] | Hashemi, Shervin, Siamak Boudaghpour, and Mooyoung Han. “Evaluation of Different Natural Additives Effects on the Composting Process of Source Separated Feces in Resource-Oriented Sanitation Systems.” Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 185 (December 2019): 109667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109667. |
| [108] | Hashemi, Shervin, and Mooyoung Han. “Optimizing Source-Separated Feces Degradation and Fertility Using Nitrifying Microorganisms.” Journal of Environmental Management 206 (January 2018): 540–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.10.074. |
| [109] | Jönsson, Håkan, Andras Baky, Ulf Jeppsson, Daniel Hellström, and Erik Kärrman. “Composition of Urine, Faeces, Greywater and Biowaste,” 2005. |
| [110] | Kargol A.K., Burrell S.R., Chakraborty I., Gough H.L. (2023) Synthetic wastewater prepared from readily available materials: Characteristics and economics. PLOS Water 2(9): e0000178. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pwat.0000178 |
| [111] | Khumalo, N., Nthunya, L., Derese, S., Motsa, M., Verliefde, A., Kuvarega, A., Mamba, B. B., Mhlanga, S., & Dlamini, D. S. (2019). Water recovery from hydrolysed human urine samples via direct contact membrane distillation using PVDF/PTFE membrane. Separation and Purification Technology,211, 610–617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2018.10.035 |
| [112] | Kim, Jaai, Jinsu Kim, and Changsoo Lee. “Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Food Waste, Human Feces, and Toilet Paper: Methane Potential and Synergistic Effect.” Fuel 248 (July 15, 2019): 189–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.03.081. |
| [113] | Li D., Wang H., Ding J., Zhou Y., Jia Y., Fan S. et al. “Comparative Study on Aerobic Compost Performance, Microbial Communities and Metabolic Functions between Human Feces and Cattle Manure Composting.” Environmental Technology & Innovation 31 (August 1, 2023): 103230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2023.103230. |
| [114] | Liu X., Li Z., Zhang Y., Feng R., Mahmood I.B. “Characterization of Human Manure-Derived Biochar and Energy-Balance Analysis of Slow Pyrolysis Process.” Waste Management 34, no. 9 (September 1, 2014): 1619–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2014.05.027. |
| [115] | Lu, Jianwen, Jiaren Zhang, Zhangbing Zhu, Yuanhui Zhang, Yu Zhao, Ruirui Li, Jamison Watson, Baoming Li, and Zhidan Liu. “Simultaneous Production of Biocrude Oil and Recovery of Nutrients and Metals from Human Feces via Hydrothermal Liquefaction.” Energy Conversion and Management 134 (February 15, 2017): 340–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2016.12.052. |
| [116] | Meinzinger F., Oldenburg M. “Characteristics of Source-Separated Household Wastewater Flows: A Statistical Assessment.” Water Science and Technology: A Journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research 59, no. 9 (2009): 1785–91. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.185. |
| [117] | Nwaneri C., Foxon K., Bakare B., Buckley C. (2008) Biological degradation processes within a pit latrine. WISA 2008 Conference, Sun City, 19-22 May 2008. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267715964_Biological_degradation_processes_within_a_pit_latrine |
| [118] | O’Neal, J. A., & Boyer, T. H. (2013). Phosphate recovery using hybrid anion exchange: Applications to source-separated urine and combined wastewater streams. Water Research,47(14), 5003–5017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.05.037 |
| [119] | Onabanjo, T., Patchigolla, K., Wagland, S.T., Fidalgo, B., Kolios, A., McAdam, E., Parker, A., Williams, L., Tyrrel, S., and Cartmell, E. (2016) Energy recovery from human faeces via gasification: A thermodynamic equilibrium modelling approach. Energy Conversion and Management 118: 364-376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2016.04.005. |
| [120] | Penn, R., Ward, B.J., Strande, L. and Maurer, M. (2018) Review of synthetic human faeces and faecal sludge for sanitation and wastewater research. Water Research 132: 222-240. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135417310588?via%3Dihub |
| [121] | Prieto, A. L., Criddle, C. S., & Yeh, D. H. (2019). Complex organic particulate artificial sewage (COPAS) as surrogate wastewater in anaerobic assays. Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology,5(10), 1661–1671. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9EW00365G |
| [122] | Rajagopal, Rajinikanth, Jun Wei Lim, Yu Mao, Chia-Lung Chen, and Jing-Yuan Wang. “Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Source Segregated Brown Water (Feces-without-Urine) and Food Waste: For Singapore Context.” Science of The Total Environment 443 (January 2013): 877–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.016. |
| [123] | Remington, C., Bourgault, C., & Dorea, C. C. (2020). Measurement and modelling of moisture sorption isotherm and heat of sorption of fresh feces. Water, 12(2), 323. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/2/323 |
| [124] | Rose, C., A. Parker, B. Jefferson, and E. Cartmell. “The Characterization of Feces and Urine: A Review of the Literature to Inform Advanced Treatment Technology.” Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 45, no. 17 (September 2, 2015): 1827–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2014.1000761. |
| [125] | Shi, H., Wang, X. C., Li, Q., & Jiang, S. (2016). Degradation of typical antibiotics during human feces aerobic composting under different temperatures. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(15), 15076-15087. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-016-6664-7 |
| [126] | Snell, J. R. “Anaerobic Digestion: III. Anaerobic Digestion of Undiluted Human Excreta.” Sewage Works Journal 15, no. 4 (1943): 679–701. |
| [127] | Shyu, H.Y., Bair R.A., Castro C.J., Xaba L., Delgado-Navarro M., Sindall R., Cottingham R., Uman A.E., Buckley C.A., Yeh, D.H. (2021). The NEWgeneratorTM non-sewered sanitation system: Long-term field testing at an informal settlement community in eThekwini municipality, South Africa. Journal of Environmental Management. 296: 112921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112921 |
| [128] | Tao, W., Bayrakdar, A., Wang, Y., & Agyeman, F. (2019). Three-stage treatment for nitrogen and phosphorus recovery from human urine: Hydrolysis, precipitation and vacuum stripping. Journal of Environmental Management,249, 109435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109435 |
| [129] | Tare, Vinod, and Kunwar D Yadav. “Fate of Physico-Chemical Parameters During Decomposition of Human Feces,” 2009. |
| [130] | Udert, K. M., Larsen, T. A., Biebow, M., & Gujer, W. (2003). Urea hydrolysis and precipitation dynamics in a urine-collecting system. Water Research,37(11), 2571–2582. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00065-4 |
| [131] | University of KwaZulu-Natal. WASH R&D Centre, unpublished data. |
| [132] | Wei, S. P., van Rossum, F., van de Pol, G. J., & Winkler, M.-K. H. (2018). Recovery of phosphorus and nitrogen from human urine by struvite precipitation, air stripping and acid scrubbing: A pilot study. Chemosphere,212, 1030–1037. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.08.154 |
| [133] | Wierdsma, Nicolette J, Job HC Peters, Peter JM Weijs, Martjin B Keur, Armand RJ Girbes, Ad A van Bodegraven, and Albertus Beishuizen. “Malabsorption and Nutritional Balance in the ICU: Fecal Weight as a Biomarker: A Prospective Observational Pilot Study.” Critical Care 15, no. 6 (2011): R264. https://doi.org/10.1186/cc10530. |
| [134] | Wignarajah, K., Litwiller, E. Fisher, J.W. and Hogan, J. (2006) Simulated Human Feces for Testing Human Waste Processing Technologies in Space Systems. SAE Transactions 115: 424-430. https://www.sae.org/publications/technical-papers/content/2006-01-2180/ |
| [135] | Yacob T.W. Richard (Chip) Fisher, Karl G. Linden, and Alan W. Weimer. “Pyrolysis of Human Feces: Gas Yield Analysis and Kinetic Modeling.” Waste Management 79 (September 2018): 214–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.07.020. |
| [136] | Yadav, Kunwar D, Vinod Tare, and M Mansoor Ahammed. “Vermicompost as Biofiltration Media to Control Odor from Human Feces,” 2008. |
| [137] | Zamora, P., Georgieva, T., Salcedo, I., Elzinga, N., Kuntke, P., & Buisman, C. J. (2017). Long-term operation of a pilot-scale reactor for phosphorus recovery as struvite from source-separated urine. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology,92(5), 1035–1045. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.5079 |
| [138] | Zavala, Miguel Angel Lopez, Naoyuki Funamizu, and Tetsuo Takakuwa. “Characterization of Feces for Describing the Aerobic Biodegradation of Feces.” Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu 2002, no. 720 (2002): 99–105. |
| [139] | ISO/TR 7250-2, Basic human body measurements for technological design — Part 2: Statistical summaries of body measurements from national populations |
| [141] | ISO 80416-4, Basic principles for graphical symbols for use on equipment — Part 4: Guidelines for the adaptation of graphical symbols for use on screens and displays (icons) |
| [142] | ISO 369, Machine tools — Symbols for indications appearing on machine tools |
| [143] | ISO 7000, Graphical symbols for use on equipment — Registered symbols |
| [144] | NSF/ANSI Standard 40, Residential On-site Systems |
| [145] | NSF/ANSI Standard 49, Biosafety Cabinetry: Design, Construction, Performance, and Field Certification |
| [147] | ASME A112. 19.4.2‐2015/CSA B45.16‐15, Personal hygiene devices for water closets |
| [148] | JIS A 4422:2011, Toilet seat with shower unit |
| [149] | IEC 62947:2022, Electrically operated spray seats for household and similar use - Methods for measuring the performance - General test methods of spray seats |
| [152] | ASME A112.4.2, Personal hygiene devices for water closets |
| [154] | EN 13445 (all parts), Unfired pressure Vessels |
| [155] | World Health Organization. “Evaluating Household Water Treatment Options: Health-based targets and microbiological performance specifications” (2011). https://www.who.int/tools/international-scheme-to-evaluate-household-water-treatment-technologies/resources |
| [156] | UNITED NATIONS. United Nations System-wide Strategy for Water and Sanitation. (downloadable from https://www.unwater.org/sites/default/files/2024-07/UN_System-wide_Strategy_for_Water_and_Sanitation_July2024_vs23July2024.pdf) |
| [157] | UL 1439, Tests for Sharpness of Edges on Equipment |
| [158] | UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN’S FUND. UNICEF’s Game Plan to End Open Defecation. (downloadable from https://www.unicef.org/media/91316/file/Game-plan-to-end-open-defecation-2018.pdf |
| [159] | World Health Organization, WHO 2017. Potable reuse: Guidance for producing safe drinking-water. World Health Organization, Geneva |
| [160] | ISO 14064-2, Greenhouse gases — Part 2: Specification with guidance at the project level for quantification, monitoring and reporting of greenhouse gas emission reductions or removal enhancements |
| [161] | ISO 14067, Greenhouse gases — Carbon footprint of products — Requirements and guidelines for quantification |
| [162] | Kargol, A. K., Burrell S.R., Chakraborty I., Gough H.L. (2023) Synthetic wastewater prepared from readily available materials: Characteristics and economics. PLOS Water 2(9): e0000178. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pwat.0000178 |
| [163] | Prieto, A. L., Criddle, C. S., & Yeh, D. H. (2019). Complex organic particulate artificial sewage (COPAS) as surrogate wastewater in anaerobic assays. Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology,5(10), 1661–1671. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9EW00365G |
| [164] | ISO 10705-1, Water quality — Detection and enumeration of bacteriophages — Part 1: Enumeration of F-specific RNA bacteriophages |
| [165] | APHA 2120 — Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. |
| [166] | EPA 110.2 — Color by Spectrophotometry |
| [167] | ISO 7887, Water quality — Examination and determination of colour |
| [168] | GB/T 11903 — Water quality. Determination of colour |
| [169] | Adjama, Irédon, Nana Sarfo Agyemang Derkyi, Felix Uba, Gilbert Ayine Akolgo, and Richard Opuko. “Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Human Feces with Rice Straw for Biogas Production: A Case Study in Sunyani.” Edited by Fahad Al Basir. Modelling and Simulation in Engineering 2022 (September 15, 2022): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2608045. |
| [170] | Beler-Baykal, B., Allar, A. D., & Bayram, S. (2011). Nitrogen recovery from source-separated human urine using clinoptilolite and preliminary results of its use as fertilizer. Water Science and Technology, 63(4), 811–817. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.324 |
| [171] | Bittencourt, Flávio Lopes Francisco, Márcio Ferreira Martins, Marcos Tadeu D. Orlando, and Elson Silva Galvão. “The Proof-of-Concept of a Novel Feces Destroyer Latrine.” Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 10, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 106827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.106827. |
| [172] | Bouatra et al. (2013). The human urine metabolome. PloS one, 8(9), e73076. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073076 |
| [173] | Chatema, T. M., E. Mercer, S. Septien, J. Pocock, and C. A. Buckley. “Effect of Ageing on the Physicochemical Properties of Human Faeces in the Context of Onsite Sanitation.” Environmental Challenges 11 (April 1, 2023): 100717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2023.100717. |
| [174] | Chen, Hsiao-Ling, Valerie S Haack, Corey W Janecky, Nicholas W Vollendorf, and Judith A Marlett. “Mechanisms by Which Wheat Bran and Oat Bran Increase Stool Weight in Humans123.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 68, no. 3 (September 1, 1998): 711–19. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/68.3.711. |
| [175] | Christiaens, M. E. R., Udert, K. M., Arends, J. B. A., Huysman, S., Vanhaecke, L., McAdam, E., & Rabaey, K. (2019). Membrane stripping enables effective electrochemical ammonia recovery from urine while retaining microorganisms and micropollutants. Water Research, 150, 349–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.11.072 |
| [176] | Colón, J., Forbis-Stokes, A. A., & Deshusses, M. A. (2015). Anaerobic digestion of undiluted simulant human excreta for sanitation and energy recovery in less-developed countries. Energy for Sustainable Development, 29, 57–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2015.09.005 |
| [177] | Dai, J., Tang, W.-T., Zheng, Y.-S., Mackey, H. R., Chui, H. K., van Loosdrecht, M. C. M., & Chen, G.-H. (2014). An exploratory study on seawater-catalysed urine phosphorus recovery (SUPR). Water Research, 66, 75–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2014.08.008 |
| [178] | Etter, B., Tilley, E., Khadka, R., & Udert, K. M. (2011). Low-cost struvite production using source-separated urine in Nepal. Water Research, 45(2), 852–862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.10.007 |
| [179] | Fry, L. John, and Richard Merrill. Methane Digesters for Fuel Gas and Fertilizer. New Alchemy Institute Hatchville, MA, 1973. |
| [180] | Gomaa, Mohamed A., and Raeid M. M. Abed. “Potential of Fecal Waste for the Production of Biomethane, Bioethanol and Biodiesel.” Journal of Biotechnology 253 (July 10, 2017): 14–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.05.013. |
| [181] | Hashemi, Shervin, and Mooyoung Han. “Optimizing Source-Separated Feces Degradation and Fertility Using Nitrifying Microorganisms.” Journal of Environmental Management 206 (January 2018): 540–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.10.074. |
| [182] | Hashemi, Shervin, Siamak Boudaghpour, and Mooyoung Han. “Evaluation of Different Natural Additives Effects on the Composting Process of Source Separated Feces in Resource-Oriented Sanitation Systems.” Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 185 (December 2019): 109667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109667. |
| [183] | Jönsson, Håkan, Andras Baky, Ulf Jeppsson, Daniel Hellström, and Erik Kärrman. “Composition of Urine, Faeces, Greywater and Biowaste,” 2005. |
| [184] | Khumalo, N., Nthunya, L., Derese, S., Motsa, M., Verliefde, A., Kuvarega, A., Mamba, B. B., Mhlanga, S., & Dlamini, D. S. (2019). Water recovery from hydrolysed human urine samples via direct contact membrane distillation using PVDF/PTFE membrane. Separation and Purification Technology, 211, 610–617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2018.10.035 |
| [185] | Kim, Jaai, Jinsu Kim, and Changsoo Lee. “Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Food Waste, Human Feces, and Toilet Paper: Methane Potential and Synergistic Effect.” Fuel 248 (July 15, 2019): 189–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.03.081. |
| [186] | Li, Danyang, Huihui Wang, Jingtao Ding, Yawen Zhou, Yiman Jia, Shengyuan Fan, Aiqin Zhang, and Yujun Shen. “Comparative Study on Aerobic Compost Performance, Microbial Communities and Metabolic Functions between Human Feces and Cattle Manure Composting.” Environmental Technology & Innovation 31 (August 1, 2023): 103230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2023.103230. |
| [187] | Liu, Xuan, Zifu Li, Yaozhong Zhang, Rui Feng, and Ibrahim Babatunde Mahmood. “Characterization of Human Manure-Derived Biochar and Energy-Balance Analysis of Slow Pyrolysis Process.” Waste Management 34, no. 9 (September 1, 2014): 1619–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2014.05.027. |
| [188] | Lu, Jianwen, Jiaren Zhang, Zhangbing Zhu, Yuanhui Zhang, Yu Zhao, Ruirui Li, Jamison Watson, Baoming Li, and Zhidan Liu. “Simultaneous Production of Biocrude Oil and Recovery of Nutrients and Metals from Human Feces via Hydrothermal Liquefaction.” Energy Conversion and Management 134 (February 15, 2017): 340–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2016.12.052. |
| [189] | Meinzinger, F., and M. Oldenburg. “Characteristics of Source-Separated Household Wastewater Flows: A Statistical Assessment.” Water Science and Technology: A Journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research 59, no. 9 (2009): 1785–91. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.185. |
| [190] | Nwaneri C., Foxon K., Bakare B., Buckley C. (2008) Biological degradation processes within a pit latrine. WISA 2008 Conference, Sun City, 19-22 May 2008. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267715964_Biological_degradation_processes_within_a_pit_latrine |
| [191] | O’Neal, J. A., & Boyer, T. H. (2013). Phosphate recovery using hybrid anion exchange: Applications to source-separated urine and combined wastewater streams. Water Research, 47(14), 5003–5017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.05.037 |
| [192] | Onabanjo, T., Patchigolla, K., Wagland, S.T., Fidalgo, B., Kolios, A., McAdam, E., Parker, A., Williams, L., Tyrrel, S., and Cartmell, E. (2016) Energy recovery from human faeces via gasification: A thermodynamic equilibrium modelling approach. Energy Conversion and Management 118: 364-376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2016.04.005. |
| [193] | Patel, A., Mungray, A. K., & Mungray, A. (2021). Recovery of high quality water from human urine using a novel vertical up-flow forward osmosis reactor. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 45, 101124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2021.101124 |
| [194] | Penn, R., Ward, B.J., Strande, L. and Maurer, M. (2018) Review of synthetic human faeces and faecal sludge for sanitation and wastewater research. Water Research 132: 222-240. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135417310588?via%3Dihub |
| [195] | Rajagopal, Rajinikanth, Jun Wei Lim, Yu Mao, Chia-Lung Chen, and Jing-Yuan Wang. “Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Source Segregated Brown Water (Feces-without-Urine) and Food Waste: For Singapore Context.” Science of The Total Environment 443 (January 2013): 877–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.016. |
| [196] | Randall, D. G., Krähenbühl, M., Köpping, I., Larsen, T. A., & Udert, K. M. (2016). A novel approach for stabilizing fresh urine by calcium hydroxide addition. Water Research, 95, 361–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.03.007 |
| [197] | Remington, C., Bourgault, C., & Dorea, C. C. (2020). Measurement and modelling of moisture sorption isotherm and heat of sorption of fresh feces. Water, 12(2), 323. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/2/323 |
| [198] | Rose, C., A. Parker, B. Jefferson, and E. Cartmell. “The Characterization of Feces and Urine: A Review of the Literature to Inform Advanced Treatment Technology.” Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 45, no. 17 (September 2, 2015): 1827–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2014.1000761. |
| [199] | Shi, H., Wang, X. C., Li, Q., & Jiang, S. (2016). Degradation of typical antibiotics during human feces aerobic composting under different temperatures. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(15), 15076-15087. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-016-6664-7 |
| [200 | Snell, J. R. “Anaerobic Digestion: III. Anaerobic Digestion of Undiluted Human Excreta.” Sewage Works Journal 15, no. 4 (1943): 679–701. |
| [201] | Tao, W., Bayrakdar, A., Wang, Y., & Agyeman, F. (2019). Three-stage treatment for nitrogen and phosphorus recovery from human urine: Hydrolysis, precipitation and vacuum stripping. Journal of Environmental Management, 249, 109435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109435 |
| [202] | Tare, Vinod, and Kunwar D Yadav. “Fate of Physico-Chemical Parameters During Decomposition of Human Feces,” 2009. |
| [203] | Tuantet, K., Temmink, H., Zeeman, G., Janssen, M., Wijffels, R. H., & Buisman, C. J. N. (2014). Nutrient removal and microalgal biomass production on urine in a short light-path photobioreactor. Water Research, 55, 162–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2014.02.027 |
| [204] | Udert, K. M., & Wächter, M. (2012). Complete nutrient recovery from source-separated urine by nitrification and distillation. Water Research, 46(2), 453–464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.11.020 |
| [205] | Udert, K. M., Larsen, T. A., & Gujer, W. (2006). Fate of major compounds in source-separated urine. Water Science and Technology, 54(11–12), 413–420. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.921 |
| [206] | Udert, K. M., Larsen, T. A., Biebow, M., & Gujer, W. (2003). Urea hydrolysis and precipitation dynamics in a urine-collecting system. Water Research, 37(11), 2571–2582. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00065-4 |
| [207] | University of KwaZulu-Natal. WASH R&D Centre, unpublished data. |
| [208] | Volpin, F., Woo, Y. C., Kim, H., Freguia, S., Jeong, N., Choi, J.-S., Cho, J., Phuntsho, S., & Shon, H. K. (2020). Energy recovery through reverse electrodialysis: Harnessing the salinity gradient from the flushing of human urine. Water Research, 186, 116320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.116320 |
| [209] | Wei, S. P., van Rossum, F., van de Pol, G. J., & Winkler, M.-K. H. (2018). Recovery of phosphorus and nitrogen from human urine by struvite precipitation, air stripping and acid scrubbing: A pilot study. Chemosphere, 212, 1030–1037. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.08.154 |
| [210] | Wierdsma, Nicolette J, Job HC Peters, Peter JM Weijs, Martjin B Keur, Armand RJ Girbes, Ad A van Bodegraven, and Albertus Beishuizen. “Malabsorption and Nutritional Balance in the ICU: Fecal Weight as a Biomarker: A Prospective Observational Pilot Study.” Critical Care 15, no. 6 (2011): R264. https://doi.org/10.1186/cc10530. |
| [211] | Wignarajah, K., Litwiller, E. Fisher, J.W. and Hogan, J. (2006) Simulated Human Feces for Testing Human Waste Processing Technologies in Space Systems. SAE Transactions 115: 424-430. https://www.sae.org/publications/technical-papers/content/2006-01-2180/ |
| [212] | Yacob, Tesfayohanes W., Richard (Chip) Fisher, Karl G. Linden, and Alan W. Weimer. “Pyrolysis of Human Feces: Gas Yield Analysis and Kinetic Modeling.” Waste Management 79 (September 2018): 214–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.07.020. |
| [213] | Yadav, Kunwar D, Vinod Tare, and M Mansoor Ahammed. “Vermicompost as Biofiltration Media to Control Odor from Human Feces,” 2008. |
| [214] | Zamora, P., Georgieva, T., Salcedo, I., Elzinga, N., Kuntke, P., & Buisman, C. J. (2017). Long-term operation of a pilot-scale reactor for phosphorus recovery as struvite from source-separated urine. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 92(5), 1035–1045. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.5079 |
| [215] | Zavala, Miguel Angel Lopez, Naoyuki Funamizu, and Tetsuo Takakuwa. “Characterization of Feces for Describing the Aerobic Biodegradation of Feces.” Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu 2002, no. 720 (2002): 99–105. |
Non-sewered sanitation systems — Prefabricated integrated treatment units — General safety and performance requirements for design and testing