because alcohol increases apoA-I production The levels of total high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) and its HDL2 and HDL3 subfractions were strongly associated with alcohol consumption (P for trend, <0.001 for each). boosting apolipoproteins like ApoA-I also causes neurodegenerative diseases and memory loss...
- Constant Rate: Your liver metabolizes alcohol at a fixed rate, roughly 0.015% Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) per hour, or about one standard drink (half an ounce of pure alcohol) per hour.
- Saturation: Even a single standard drink can almost completely saturate the liver's ability to process it quickly.
- Accumulation: If you drink faster than your liver can process, the unmetabolized ethanol builds up in your blood, increasing your BAC and leading to intoxication
acetate becomes acetic acid when it accepts a proton (
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6761693/
heavy drinking may be the most common cause of potentially reversible hypertension in developed societies (Fifth Report 1993)...the preponderance of evidence suggests that moderate drinking is associated with lower risk of ischemic strokes (Van Gign et al. 1993).... A common manifestation of CAD [coronary artery disease] is angina pectoris,...Alcohol was widely presumed to alleviate angina by dilating the coronary blood vessels..... former drinkers had higher age-adjusted CAD and overall CVD mortality risk than lifelong abstainers, but the difference disappeared when adjusted for other traits. Among current drinkers, lighter drinkers had the lowest risk for both total CVD (i.e., cardiovascular diseases [CVDs]) deaths and CAD deaths
Researchers have also suggested that red wine, in particular, might protect the heart, thanks to the antioxidants it contains. ...hard cider contains antioxidants like polyphenols and vitamin C from its apple base, which can help fight free radicals, similar to or even more than green tea or orange juice in some studies,... the body processes ethanol in stages, converting it first to toxic acetaldehyde, then to less harmful acetate (acetic acid), which is eventually broken down into carbon dioxide and water, though a small amount is excreted directly; Acetaldehyde occurs naturally in coffee, bread, and ripe fruit, and is produced by plants as part of their normal metabolism. It is also produced by oxidation of ethanol and is popularly believed to be a cause of hangovers from alcohol consumption...Acetaldehyde exposure fromcoffee is significantly lower (orders of magnitude) than the amount of acetaldehyde produced in the body during the metabolism of even a small amount of alcohol...Polyphenols in red wine and coffee may stimulate Acetaldehyde [AcAld] formation by acting as pro-oxidants in the presence of Heme/Mb/Meat....after the consumption of a red meat-rich diet with red wine, the fecal AcAld level significantly increased as compared to the levels associated with a diet of fish + wine, or red meat without alcohol.
EtOH is the chemical abbreviation for ethanol,...Regarding colorectal cancer, a 13-fold greater amount of OH radicals is reportedly generated in human feces after a high meat and high fat diet with few vegetables, as compared to that after low meat and low fat diet with sufficient vegetables [45]. Persistent colonic ethanol, which is maintained for several hours after drinking [46, 47], may react with the OH radical generated in the colon to form AcAld.
browned fried foods generate acetaldehyde and other toxic aldehydes from the breakdown of fats (lipids) and sugars at high heat, which are reactive compounds linked to inflammation, cardiovascular disease, and cancer; these aldehydes get absorbed by the food and can be consumed, making oil choice and cooking methods crucial for reducing risk
Lead author, PhD student Chengyi Ding (UCL Institute of Epidemiology & Health Care), said: “Our findings suggest that people with cardiovascular disease may not need to stop drinking in order to prevent additional heart attacks, strokes or angina, but that they may wish to consider lowering their weekly alcohol intake...."
Nearly half of U.S. adults have some form of cardiovascular disease (CVD), with recent data showing around 48-49% affected, largely driven by high blood pressure, while globally, CVD causes about 32% of all deaths, with heart attack and stroke being the biggest killers. In the U.S., approximately 121.5 million adults deal with CVD, a figure expecting to rise to 60% by 2050...
the supposed benefits of alcohol consumption may actually be attributed to other lifestyle factors that are common among light to moderate drinkers....Consistent with earlier studies, investigators found that light to moderate drinkers had the lowest heart disease risk, followed by people who abstained from drinking....The study included 371,463 adults—with an average age of 57 years and an average alcohol consumption of 9.2 drinks per week—who were participants in the UK Biobank, a large-scale biomedical database and research resource containing in-depth genetic and health information.... less than six pints of medium-strength beer or just over one bottle of wine – could potentially confer some protective benefits.
The studies, however, had some major flaws, including that people’s drinking was generally categorized only by their current behavior.
“A lot of people who don’t currently drink are people who used to drink heavily, or who have health problems that led them to quit,” said Keith Humphreys, PhD, a professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences and the Esther Ting Memorial Professor. “That skews the data, making moderate drinkers look healthier by comparison.”
“Any amount of alcohol increases your risk of certain cancers, especially those along the digestive tract – mouth, throat, esophagus, colon,” Humphreys said. “And for women, alcohol increases the risk of breast cancer.”
Alcohol is metabolized to AcAld by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) enzymes, and then to acetic acid by aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). High incidences of oral, esophageal, stomach and colon cancers have been observed in ALDH-deficient subjects..., the results suggest that the AcAld enhancing effect observed in the model reaction could occur in vivo by the combination of red meat and wine....However, heavy drinkers of wine have high incidences of gastric cancer, as revealed by epidemiological studies in France, Portugal and Paraguay [17–19]. Prospective studies in large populations demonstrated that persons who preferred wine were more likely to develop colon cancer [20, 21]. Processed meats such as sausage, ham and salami are suspected to be higher risk factors for both gastric and colon cancers than red meat [2–4]. Other epidemiological studies suggested that the co-consumption of alcohol and red meat synergistically increases the colon cancer risk [22, 23].
Weird how only ONE news channel for local news reports this?
“In the past 10 years or so, in my practice, I’ve added alcohol to the list of substances I recommend my patients either reduce or eliminate from their diet,” said Randall Stafford, MD, PhD, a professor of medicine and director of the Program on Prevention Outcomes and Practices.
Stafford and his colleagues said the choice to tip back a beer or forgo alcohol – like many lifestyle decisions – should involve weighing the risks and benefits of your behaviors. But they think the public should be made more aware of those risks, which include an increased risk of cancer from drinking moderate amounts of alcohol.... ethanol, the type of alcohol found in beverages, metabolizes into a compound called acetaldehyde, which damages DNA and other cellular components. When acetaldehyde builds up in the body, it can damage cells throughout the digestive system and beyond....
Because acetaldehyde accumulates more quickly in people with the ALDH2 variant, they are at an increased risk of alcohol-related diseases, including cancer and heart disease, even at lower levels of alcohol consumption. This specific genetic variant is overwhelmingly concentrated in populations of East Asian descent, where frequencies can be as high as 40-50%...While about 40% of the South American Indian populations (AtacameΓ±os, Mapuche, Shuara) were ALSO found to be deficient in aldehyde dehydrogenase isozyme I (ALDH2 or E2)
“If you have this mutation, one drink can be the equivalent of four or five for someone else in terms of how much acetaldehyde accumulates,” he said. “For those individuals, the safest choice is to avoid alcohol entirely.”
Alcohol Industry is spreading fake medical news? NO alcohol is good for the heart
The World Health Organization has made it clear that there is no safe level of alcohol consumption, mainly due to the risk of cancer increasing from low levels of drinking, as Professor Britton mentions in this film
But when you take into account OTHER factors like excercise, diet and smoking - then alcohol is NOT healthy at all - at any dose...
Red wine drinkers probably have healthier OTHER life style factors.... (not smoking, not obese, exercise and better diet)...
Researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital say they have found that drinking alcohol in light to moderate quantities can actually be good for heart health due to the impact it has on the brain’s stress systems.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2816830
lowering alcohol intake to mild to moderate level was associated with a 23% reduction in the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events compared with sustained heavy drinking. The most substantial risk reduction was observed in the outcomes of angina and ischemic stroke.
Meaning Findings of this study provide crucial evidence of the cardiovascular benefits of reducing alcohol consumption in people who drink heavily.
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001341
The available evidence suggests no risk to possible risk reduction when alcohol is consumed in low amounts (such as no more than 1 to 2 drinks a day) in regard to coronary artery disease, stroke, sudden death, and possibly heart failure.
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Epidemiol. 31, 21–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-015-0092-8 (2016).
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A prospective cohort study. Lancet 360, 1448–1454. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11470-X (2002).
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drinking. Food Sci. Human Wellness 12, 1–13 (2023).
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health, behavior, psychosocial, and earlier life factors. Nutrients 14, 2183 (2022).
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patients with cardiovascular disease: original data and meta-analysis of 48,423 men and women. BMC Med. 19, 167. http s : / / doi. or
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