"Possibly, Khoe-San were the only inhabitants of southern Africa for much of its prehistory (Schlebusch et al. 2017; Skoglund et al. 2017; Vicente, Jakobsson, et al. 2019)."
Aaron Pfennig, Lindsay N Petersen, Paidamoyo Kachambwa, Joseph Lachance, Evolutionary Genetics and Admixture in African Populations, Genome Biology and Evolution, Volume 15, Issue 4, April 2023, evad054
"In addition, African populations harbor the greatest genetic diversity, exhibit the lowest levels of linkage disequilibrium (LD), have the largest long-term effective population sizes (Ne), and show the deepest split times of all human lineages (Tishkoff et al. 2009; Auton et al. 2015; Mallick et al. 2016; Bergström et al. 2020). For these reasons, Africa is commonly accepted as the cradle of humankind (Henn et al. 2018), and African population history is of exceptional interest to human evolution. ... The lineage leading to the Khoe-San is basal to all other human lineages with an estimated divergence time of 300–200 kya (e.g., the Ju|’Hoan with the lowest level of recent admixture diverged ∼270 ± 12 kya). Subsequently, the Mbuti (RHG) diverged ∼220 ± 10 kya from all other human lineages, forming a second basal lineage (Schlebusch et al. 2020) (fig. 1). "
“A study showed the Khoe and San peoples of the sub-Sahara are descendents of the earliest diversification event in the history of all humans, some 100,000 years ago.” Khoe-San Peoples Diverged Before 'Out-Of-Africa’
click-speaking San, a group of hunter-gatherers indigenous to southern Africa who represent one of the deepest branches of the human population tree . Genome-wide analyses of numerous human populations have revealed that other hunter-gatherer populations such as Pygmies, Sandawe and Hadza also branched early in African prehistory, suggesting a common and ancient origin for hunter-gatherers . Pygmy hunter-gatherers diverged from the ancestors of contemporary agriculturalist Africans about 56–70 kya [25] [26] . Population splits within each hunter-gatherer group, however, are more recent. Molecular data suggest that the San split into two groups only 32–47 kya[4][27] whereas Pygmies separated into ancestral Western and Eastern populations ∼20 kya [25] 2013
Tribal Trance Dance training
“The !Kung San of southern Africa, for example, seek to heal rifts in personal relationships within the community using music and repetitive dance movement to trigger trance states. Many religions have practices such as chanting and fasting that invoke similar mental states: blinding light bursts within the head….It is easy to see how this activity could have been extremely beneficial to our ancestors, uniting the group, discouraging free riders, and so increasing the chances that individuals would survive and reproduce more successfully.”
Professor Robin Dunbar,How Many Friends Does One Person Need? Dunbars Number and Other Evolutionary Quirks (Harvard University Press, 2010), passim.
"...a 'new maiden' to be the source of n/um (or /k'ode), the healing potency associated with male trance healers" p. 175 Guenther, Mathias, Tricksters and Trancers: Bushman Religion and Society,. Bloomington and Indianapolis, Indiana University Press, 1999
"As described by N/isa, female sexuality is to men, what male healing potency - n/um or tsso - is to humankind."
, ibid Bushmen healing books/texts The Way of the Bushman: Spiritual Teachings as told by the Elders N/um, Change, and Social Work by Drs. Bradford and Hillary Keeney pdf Megan Biesele, Women like meat: the folklore and foraging ideology of the Kalahari Ju/’Hoan (Witwatersrand University Press, 1993). Mathias Georg Guenther, Tricksters and trancers: bushman religion and society (Indiana University Press, 1999). Elizabeth Marshall Thomas, The harmless people (Random House, Inc., 1989) and Rupert Isaacson, The Healing Land: The Khoisan and the Kalahari Desert (Grove Press, 2004). Richard Katz, Boiling energy: community healing among the Kalahari Kung (Harvard University Press, 1984). Marjorie Shostak, Nisa: the life and words of a !Kung woman(Harvard University Press, 2000). the Bushmen book Healing Makes Our Hearts Happy. The Past and Future of !Kung Ethnography: Critical Reflections and Symbolic Perspectives. Essays in Honour of Lorna Marshall , edited by Megan Biesele, with Robert Gordon and Richard Lee Trance Cure of the !Kung Bushmen pdf by Richard Lee Some healers try to hoard n/um Education for Transcendence - Richard Katz pdf Eland Bull trance dance ritual during first female menstruation at New Moon - oldest language
“There are things about the antiquity of the Bushmen’s culture that we didn’t know. A musicologist found very important music which was used at a woman’s first menarche called ‘elan music’ (honoring the fat-rich antelope). This ‘elan music’ was also present in other language groups of other Bushmen language groups and also the noun-less speakers who are not exactly Bushmen but they’re related. This means that way back before these groups diverged, somebody invented or composed (this) music and then they took it with them.”
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